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. 2022 Apr 28;9:849005. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849005

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Copyright © 2022 Lakshmanan, Al Zaidan, Bangarusamy, Al-Shamari, Elhag and Terranegra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gut microbial composition in the CVD no-risk and CVD risk groups. (A) The four major bacterial phyla, except Euryarchaeota, were found in both groups. Data are shown as relative abundance (percentage of total gut microbiota composed of each phylum). (B,C) Ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, respectively, in the CVD no-risk and CVD risk groups. (D) Relative abundance of four major genera in the CVD no-risk and CVD risk groups. (E) Relative abundance of species of the Ruminococcus genus from the families of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae in the CVD risk and CVD no-risk groups. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. CVD no-risk, N = 36; CVD risk, N = 10. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant using Student's t-test. “g_UC” and “f_UC” represent unclassified bacteria at the genus and family level, respectively.