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. 2022 Apr 28;9:849005. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849005

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Copyright © 2022 Lakshmanan, Al Zaidan, Bangarusamy, Al-Shamari, Elhag and Terranegra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gut microbial diversity in the CVD no-risk and CVD risk groups. (A–D) Alpha diversity was measured by the four commonly used methods, Observed, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson. The boxplots show median and interquartile (IQR) range and whiskers extending to the most extreme points within 1.5-fold IQR. (E) Beta diversity index was measured by the Bray-Curtis method using principle coordinate analysis of the relative abundance of OTUs. The two-variances explained by Axis.1 and Axis.2 are 47.1 and 21.9%, respectively. ANOSIM, analysis of similarity; CVD no-risk, N = 36; CVD risk, N = 10. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant using Student's t-test.