Table 2.

Efficient countermeasures for improvement of the nutritional value, in vitro rumen fermentation, or animal performance when cereal straws are used as feed substrates.

Item	Animal	Measures	Response	Source
Corn stover	Dairy cows	5% CaO-treated	Increased digestibility and profit without negatively affecting the lactation performance	Shi et al. (2015)
Corn stover	Dairy cows	Lys, Met, and starch together	Increased the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and improved milk performance	Zhu et al. (2013b)
Corn stover	Dairy cows	0, 60, 120, or 180 g/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product	Enhanced milk persistency under hot environment; dose-dependent and greater effects being observed with higher levels	Zhu et al. (2017)
Corn stover	Dairy cows	Increasing dietary content of non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC)	Improved milk performance compared to lower NFC corn stover diet and a similar milk performance with the alfalfa hay diet	Wei et al. (2018)
Corn stover	Dairy cows	5.12% Molasses	No negative effects on feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, or blood biochemical variables compared with alfalfa diet, but with higher economic merit	Wei et al. (2019)
Corn stover	Dairy cows	Optimal ratio of whole plant corn silage to con stover silage (WPCS:CSS) for different production levels	At production levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg milk/cow/d, the WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit of dairy farmers was 16:84, 22:78, 44:56, and 88:12, respectively	He et al. (2021)
Corn stover	In vitro	Steam explosion	Enhanced digestibility and in vitro rumen volatile fatty acids production	Zhao et al. (2018)
Corn stover	In vitro	Cellulase or xylanase at 40 μg/g DM	Increased in vitro gas production	Vallejo et al. (2016)
Corn stover	In vitro	Pectin	Increased rumen volatile fatty acids production	Liu et al. (2014)
Fresh rice straw	In vitro	5% Urea-treated	Improved the ensiling nutritional value	Man and Wiktorsson (2001)
Rice straw	Dairy cows	2.2% urea +2.2% calcium hydroxide-treated	Increased DM intake and digestibility Improved milk protein and fat concentrations	Wanapat et al. (2009)
Rice straw	Dairy goats	Orange leaves	Reduced CH4 emissions and improved the milk quality (greater milk fat content, and concentrations of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids)	Fernández et al. (2021)
Rice straw	Dairy goats	Lemon leaves	Reduced CH4 emissions and affected milk performance such as improving the milk fat production and the milk thrombogenic index	Romero et al. (2020)
Rice straw	In vitro	Combining ammonia treatment (30 g/kg DM) and exogenous enzymes (1.25 mg/g DM substrate)	Improved the cell wall degradation and in vitro digestibility	Eun et al. (2006)
Rice straw	In vitro	Fiber-degrading enzymes	Increased the nutritive value of rice straw	Beauchemin et al. (2004)
Wheat straw	Dairy ewes	Essential oil including thymol, eugenol, vanillin, guaiacol, and limonene (100 and 150 mg/ewe per day)	Improved feed utilization and reduced the milk urea concentration and somatic cell count	Giannenas et al. (2011)
Wheat straw	Dairy cow	NaOH-treated	Improved DM intake and result in higher milk yield	Hanlon et al. (2020)
Wheat straw	Dairy cow	3% NaOH plus 3% Ca(OH)2	Diet with 20% treated wheat straw had similar milk performance with 20% alfalfa haylage	Haddad et al. (1998)
Wheat straw	Dairy cow	Chopped with a 2.54-cm screen	Shorter chopped wheat straw improved dry cow intake and resulted in greater metabolic health and rumen stability in early lactation	Havekes et al. (2020)
Wheat straw	Dairy cow	30% Pleurotus ostreatus	A diet containing 30% Pleurotus ostreatus treated wheat straw increased DM intake, DM digestibility, and milk yield	Fazaeli et al. (2004)
Corn stover and rice straw	In vitro	0.75 × 107 cfu/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus	Increased in vitro gas production and ruminal NH3–N concentration	Chen et al. (2017)
Corn stover and rice straw	In vitro	3 g/L Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product	Increased in vitro total volatile fatty acids in corn stover and microbial protein in rice straw linearly	Mao et al. (2013)
Rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage	In vitro	Fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw)	Enhanced in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro OM digestibility	Tang et al. (2008)