Effects of VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and HDFs on the CD163(+) M2 type TAMs into the tumor microenvironment of OSCC following crosstalk with HSC-3 cells in vivo. A and B IHC staining was used to test the CD163 expression level to assay the effects of VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and HDFs on the infiltration of CD163(+) M2 type TAMs into the (A) skin and (B) bottom invasion fronts of OSCC, respectively following crosstalk with HSC-3 cells in vivo. Black arrows indicate CD163(+) M2 type macrophages. (C) Quantification of CD163 expression level in the skin invasion front in different groups. Data are presented as the median and IQR, n=4. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test.*P<0.05 and ****P<0.0001. ns, not significant (P>0.05); OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; VSCC-SCs, verrucous squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells; SCC-SCs, squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells; HDFs, human dermal fibroblasts; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages.