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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 12.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2021 Feb 27;14(3):467–476. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.017

Fig. 5. Off-target stimulation results in defensive behaviors.

Fig. 5.

(A) Timeline for an example open field assessment trial is depicted, with off-target stimulation of increasing current. Behaviors ranged from freezing, to defensive vocalizations and cowering, as well as escape locomotion, depending on the intensity of stimulation. (B) Example audio spectrogram of spontaneous grunts, alongside defensive grunts and barks evoked with electrical stimulation. (C) Successive stills from a video depicting a typical evoked asymmetric cowering response in the open field. For full video see Supplementary Video 2.