Table 2. Exposure factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence stratified for univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | N | SP (%) | OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Male (ref.) | 4,167 | 18.7 | - | - | 0.043 | - | - | 0.064 |
| Female | 5,829 | 20.0 | 1.08 | 0.98–01.20 | 0.126 | 1.04 | 0.93–1.16 | 0.490 |
| Other | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Age (years) | 10,001 | - | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.748 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | <0.001 |
| Current education | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 9,309 | 19.1 | - | - | 0.001 | - | - | 0.008 |
| Other/unknown education | 140 | 17.1 | 0.88 | 0.56–1.36 | 0.555 | 0.92 | 0.58–1.45 | 0.718 |
| Secondary school | 39 | 28.2 | 1.66 | 0.83–3.34 | 0.155 | 1.93 | 0.94–3.96 | 0.074 |
| Secondary vocational education | 66 | 33.3 | 2.11 | 1.26–3.54 | 0.004 | 1.88 | 1.10–3.23 | 0.022 |
| Higher professional education | 232 | 23.3 | 1.28 | 0.94–1.75 | 0.114 | 1.27 | 0.91–1.78 | 0.165 |
| Scientific education | 215 | 26.5 | 1.53 | 1.12–2.07 | 0.007 | 1.60 | 1.14–2.25 | 0.007 |
| Level of education | ||||||||
| Practically trained (ref.) | 4,768 | 20.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Theoretically trained | 5,233 | 18.4 | 0.87 | 0.79–0.96 | 0.005 | 0.90 | 0.81–1.00 | 0.058 |
| Geography | ||||||||
| Southern part (ref.) | 6,231 | 17.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Northern part | 3,770 | 23.6 | 1.50 | 1.36–1.66 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.30–1.60 | <0.001 |
| Work sector | ||||||||
| Other (ref.) | 8,165 | 18.1 | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
| Healthcare other—(partly) worked from home | 500 | 19.0 | 1.06 | 0.84–1.33 | 0.623 | 1.21 | 0.96–1.54 | 0.113 |
| Healthcare other—not worked form home | 364 | 26.6 | 1.64 | 1.29–2.08 | <0.001 | 1.72 | 1.34–2.20 | <0.001 |
| Disability care—(partly) worked from home | 83 | 24.1 | 1.43 | 0.86–2.38 | 0.163 | 1.37 | 0.81–2.29 | 0.239 |
| Disability care—not worked from home | 84 | 50.0 | 4.52 | 2.93–6.95 | <0.001 | 4.17 | 2.68–6.49 | <0.001 |
| Home care—(partly) worked from home | 41 | 22.0 | 1.27 | 0.61–2.67 | 0.527 | 1.35 | 0.64–2.87 | 0.432 |
| Home care—not worked from home | 98 | 28.6 | 1.81 | 1.16–2.81 | 0.009 | 1.70 | 1.08–2.69 | 0.022 |
| Nursing home care—(partly worked from home) | 61 | 29.5 | 1.89 | 1.09–3.29 | 0.024 | 2.01 | 1.14–3.52 | 0.015 |
| Nursing home care—not worked from home | 102 | 32.4 | 2.16 | 1.42–3.28 | <0.001 | 2.20 | 1.44–3.38 | <0.001 |
| Hospital care—(partly) worked from home | 113 | 23.8 | 1.49 | 0.97–2.29 | 0.071 | 1.58 | 1.02–2.46 | 0.041 |
| Hospital care—not worked from home | 121 | 28.1 | 1.77 | 1.18–2.63 | 0.005 | 1.75 | 1.16–2.62 | 0.007 |
| Catering—(partly) worked from home | 182 | 23.6 | 1.40 | 0.99–1.98 | 0.059 | 1.34 | 0.93–1.91 | 0.112 |
| Catering—not worked from home | 87 | 24.1 | 1.44 | 0.88–2.36 | 0.150 | 1.47 | 0.89–2.44 | 0.133 |
| Member association/club | ||||||||
| No member (ref.) | 5,182 | 17.8 | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | 0.019 |
| Member of one association/club | 3,772 | 20.6 | 1.20 | 1.08–1.34 | 0.001 | 1.09 | 0.98–1.22 | 0.123 |
| Member of two associations/clubs | 925 | 22.6 | 1.35 | 1.14–1.60 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 0.93–1.34 | 0.240 |
| Member of three/four associations/clubs | 122 | 33.6 | 2.35 | 1.60–3.44 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 1.22–2.72 | 0.003 |
| Winter sports and travelling abroad | ||||||||
| No winter sports (ref.) | 9,440 | 19.0 | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
| No après-ski during winter sports Austria | 163 | 20.2 | 1.08 | 0.73–1.59 | 0.697 | 1.22 | 0.83–1.81 | 0.313 |
| A few days après-ski during winter sports Austria | 158 | 22.2 | 1.21 | 0.83–1.77 | 0.324 | 1.26 | 0.85–1.86 | 0.246 |
| Majority of the days après-ski during winter sports Austria | 240 | 34.6 | 2.25 | 1.72–2.95 | <0.001 | 2.49 | 1.88–3.29 | <0.001 |
| Travelled abroad to Spain | 282 | 24.1 | 1.33 | 1.00–1.75 | 0.047 | 1.41 | 1.06–1.87 | 0.019 |
| Celebrating carnival | ||||||||
| Did not celebrate carnival (ref.) | 4,725 | 17.9 | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | 0.088 |
| Celebrated less than or 3 hours inside | 1,373 | 19.0 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.25 | 0.369 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.27 | 0.310 |
| Celebrated between 3 and 8 hours inside | 1,288 | 19.4 | 1.10 | 0.94–1.29 | 0.228 | 1.08 | 0.92–1.28 | 0.329 |
| Celebrated between 8 and 18 hours inside | 1,422 | 21.7 | 1.27 | 1.10–1.47 | 0.001 | 1.19 | 1.02–1.40 | 0.026 |
| Celebrated more than 18 hours inside | 1,193 | 23.5 | 1.40 | 1.20–1.63 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.04–1.47 | 0.016 |
| Specific activities February-March 2020 | ||||||||
| Singing activitiesa | 389 | 28.8 | 1.71 | 1.37–2.15 | <0.001 | 1.65 | 1.30–2.08 | <0.001 |
| Attended funeral | 504 | 23.2 | 1.27 | 1.02–1.57 | 0.030 | 1.08 | 0.86–1.35 | 0.494 |
| Played wind instrument in interplay | 164 | 27.4 | 1.58 | 1.12–2.23 | 0.010 | 1.26 | 0.88–1.81 | 0.210 |
| Visited sport event (except soccer game) | 323 | 26.0 | 1.47 | 1.14–1.90 | 0.003 | 1.18 | 0.90–1.55 | 0.234 |
| Practiced gymnastics | 110 | 27.3 | 1.56 | 1.02–2.38 | 0.039 | 1.22 | 0.78–1.90 | 0.379 |
| Practiced ball sports (except soccer) | 174 | 36.2 | 2.39 | 1.75–3.27 | <0.001 | 1.90 | 1.36–2.65 | <0.001 |
| Visited a bar or café | 1,657 | 23.4 | 1.33 | 1.17–1.51 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.32 | 0.145 |
| Visited a club or disco | 294 | 26.2 | 1.49 | 1.14–1.94 | 0.003 | 1.23 | 0.90–1.66 | 0.189 |
| Went out for dinner | 2,294 | 22.0 | 1.23 | 1.09–1.37 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.19 | 0.691 |
| Took a day trip with bus or boat | 50 | 34.0 | 2.14 | 1.19–3.85 | 0.011 | 1.78 | 0.97–3.27 | 0.064 |
| Constant | 0.09 | 0.000 |
*P-values<0.05 are shown in bold.
Note.- CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference category; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; SP, seroprevalence.
a Being member of a choral society, (church)choir or participating in singing activity in February-March 2020.
Multivariable logistic regression model is additionally corrected for age, gender, level of education and geographical region. Overall Cox R2 of the multivariate model was 0.032.