Table 1.
Summary of selected studies RCT.
| Author, year of publication, country | Design RCT | Study period | Procedure | Population (N) | PCI (N) | MIDCAB (N) | Follow-up | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diegeler et al. [2002] Germany Thiele et al. [2005] Germany Blazek et al. [2013] Germany |
Open label single center randomized controlled trial | June 1997 – June 2001 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with BMS |
220 |
110 |
110 | 30 days 6-months 5 years 10 years |
Low Low Low |
| Thiele et al. [2009] Germany Blazek et al. [2015] Germany |
Open label single center randomized controlled trial | January 2003 – October 2007 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with DES |
130 | 65 | 65 | 30 days 1 year 7 years |
Low Low |
| Cisowski et al. [2002] Poland |
Open label single center randomized controlled trial | 2000–2001 | MIDCAB thoracoscopic assistance PCI with BMS |
100 |
50 | 50 | 30 days 6-months 1 year |
Low |
| Drenth et al. [2002] The Netherlands |
Open label single center randomized controlled trial | March 1997 – September 1999 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with BMS |
102 |
51 | 51 | 30 days 6-months |
Moderate |
| Kim et al. [2005] South Korea |
Open label single center randomized controlled trial | January 2000 – December 2001 | MIDCAB under direct vision and mini-sternotomy PCI with BMS |
100 |
50 | 50 | 30 days 1 year |
Low |
| Reeves et al. [2004] United Kingdom |
Open label multicenter randomized controlled trial | November 1999 – December 2001 | MIDCAB under direct vision or thoracoscopic assistance PCI with BMS |
100 |
50 | 50 | 30 days 12 months |
Low |
| Summary of selected cohort studies | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year of publication, country | Design cohort | Study period | Procedure | Population (N) | PCI (N) | MIDCAB (N) | Follow-up | Risk of bias |
| Benedetto et al. [2014] United Kingdom |
Retrospective single center prospective propensity score-matched comparison | April 2001 - May 2013 | MIDCAB under direct vision or thoracoscopic assistance PCI with DES |
1033 (before matching) |
303 | 303 | 30 days 1 year 5 years 10 years |
Moderate |
| Choi et al. [2019] South Korea |
Retrospective single center prospective propensity score-matched comparison | September 2007 – June 2017 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with DES |
154 |
77 | 77 | 3 years | Moderate |
| Etienne et al. [2013] Belgium |
Retrospective multicenter study prospective propensity score-matched comparison | 1997–2011 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with DES |
456 |
196 | 260 | 30 days 5 years |
Moderate |
| Iakovou et al. [2002] United States of America |
Retrospective single center prospective propensity score-matched comparison | June 1996 – December 1999 | MIDCAB under direct vision PCI with BMS |
560 | 441 | 119 | 30 days 1 year |
Moderate |
| Li et al. [2021] China |
Retrospective single center prospective propensity score-matched comparison | July 2007 – November 2011 |
RA-MIDCAB PCI with DES |
719 (before matching) | 108 | 108 | 4 years | Moderate |
| Merkle et al. [2019] Germany |
Retrospective single center matched comparison | 2006–2012 | MIDCAB harvesting under direct vision or using thoracoscopic assistance PCI with DES |
206 |
100 | 106 | 1 year 6 years 10 years |
Moderate |
| Shirai et al. [2004] United States of America |
Retrospective single center matched comparison | February 1990 – October 1999 | MIDCAB unknown technique PCI with BMS |
581 | 429 | 152 | 30 days 6 months |
Moderate |
| Patel et al. [2020] United States of America |
Retrospective single center prospective propensity score-matched comparison | January 2008 –December 2016 | RA-MIDCAB PCI with DES |
531 (before matching) | 158 | 158 | 9 years | Moderate |
Abbreviations: BMS: bare metal stent, DES: drug eluting stent, RA-MIDCAB: robotic assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, RCT: randomized controlled trial.