Fig. 5. The interactions between-network scale and developmental coupling is maximal in sensorimotor cortex.

a The effect of age on average vertex-wise between-network coupling at two scales (4 and 20). Age effects are modeled using GAMs with penalized splines; thresholded at Q_FDR < 0.05. Scale-dependent age effects can be observed in sensorimotor cortex: while no developmental increase in between-network coupling was seen in somatomotor cortex at scale 4, such an increase is evident at scale 20. b Across ages, between-network coupling of the sensorimotor cortex is strongly influenced by scale. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) reveal that the effect of scale (χ²) differentially influences the strength of between-network coupling across the cortex. Locations within unimodal sensorimotor cortex exhibit the strongest scale-dependence in their mean between-network coupling (Q_FDR < 0.05). c Scale differentially interacts with age-dependent developmental associations with coupling across the cortex. GEEs are used to examine the degree of scale-moderated developmental effects (age-by-scale interaction; thresholded at Q < 0.05); maximal effects are present in the sensorimotor cortex. d Scale differentially interacts with age-dependent developmental effects in sensorimotor and association networks. Specifically, age effects in lower-order networks tend to be more scale-dependent than those in higher-order networks. The effect of age across scales is plotted for networks predominantly overlapping with the lowest-order (blue; Somatomotor-A) and highest-order (red; Default Mode-B) networks, as quantified from the functional hierarchy. Statistical tests are two-sided. Error bands depict the 95% confidence interval.