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. 2022 May 12;12:7867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11581-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Boxes (A–C): Z-projections (left panels) of confocal fluorescence images of the actin cytoskeleton for three migrating bladder cancer cells (RT112, T24 and J82 respectively) embedded in a 0.95 mg/mL collagen gel, at 10 min time interval (first position in yellow, second one in cyan). Superposition of collagen fiber images (right panels) at these times, for one slice level in the image stack, with indication of cell contours. Scale bar = 20 μm. The white arrow indicates the rear of the T24 cell (B) or the long cylindrical protrusion displayed by the J82 cell (C). The red dotted arrow indicates the migration direction. Boxes (D–I): Corresponding 3D collagen fiber displacements around each migrating bladder cancer cells: RT112 (D,G), T24 (E,H), J82 (F,I). Two viewing angles have been selected. The initial 3D cell shape is shown in grey levels. The vector length and color indicate the displacement magnitude in μm. The x, y and z grids are in μm. The red dotted arrow indicates the migration direction. (J–L) Angle distributions of displacement vectors—with respect to the direction of migration—shown in red (resp. blue) for vectors located at the front (resp. at the rear) edge.