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. 2022 Apr 18;11(2):667–681. doi: 10.1007/s40122-022-00386-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Comparison of alpha diversity and beta diversity of gut microbial communities between patients with moderate to severe cancer pain on opioids (opioid groups) and patients without cancer pain (control group). The analysis of alpha diversity in groups was carried out using Chao 1 index (A) and Shannon index (B). The beta diversity of samples was assessed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS, C) and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA, D) based on the unweighted-UniFrac distances. Orange for the Control, blue for the Opioid-S, and green for the Opioid-T. (Opioid-S (n = 10): Opioid-sensitive group, regular administration of opioid for < 1 week or a daily total dose of < 30 mg oral oxycodone; Opioid-T (n = 8): Opioid-tolerant group, took opioid medication regularly for at least 1 week, with a daily total dose of at least 30 mg of oral oxycodone; Control (n = 7): Cancer patients without cancer pain)