Table 1.
VR and CVR in different neurocognitive domains between CHR-P vs HC, CHR-P transitioned vs CHR-P non-transitioned, and CHR-P vs FEP; CHR-P Clinical High Risk for Psychosis; HC Healthy Controls; FEP First Episode Psychosis.
| Neurocognitive domains | VR | 95% CI [] | SE | Z | p | I2 | Q | CVR | 95% CI [] | SE | Z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHR-P vs HC | ||||||||||||
| Processing speed | 1.26 | [1.07, 1.48] | 0.0828 | 2.7722 | 0.0056 | 90.8% | 180.9011, p < 0.0001 | 1.42 | [1.21, 1.67] | 0.028 | 4.2388 | <0.0001 |
| Attention/vigilance | 1.01 | [0.94, 1.08] | 0.0347 | 0.1614 | 0.871 | 99.25% | 1616.6610, p < 0.0001 | 1.17 | [1.08, 1.26] | 0.0375 | 41.069 | <0.0001 |
| Working memory | 1.08 | [0.97, 1.20] | 0.0542 | 1.3793 | 0.1678 | 68.9% | 35.3389, p = 0.0013 | 1.14 | [1.07, 1.21] | 0.0293 | 44.072 | <0.0001 |
| Verbal learning | 1.29 | [1.15, 1.45] | 0.0589 | 4.3337 | <0.0001 | 77.59% | 63.5687, p < 0.0001 | 1.45 | [1.29, 1.62] | 0.0583 | 63.549 | <0.0001 |
| Visual learning | 1.20 | [1.07, 1.34] | 0.0585 | 3.0629 | 0.0022 | 68.61% | 63.5687, p < 0.0001 | 1.3 | [1.14, 1.48] | 0.0658 | 40.036 | <0.0001 |
| Reasoning and problem solving | 1.17 | [1.03, 1.34] | 0.0673 | 2.3604 | 0.0183 | 44.72% | 4.8746, p = 0.1812 | 1.17 | [1.03, 1.34] | 0.0673 | 23.604 | 0.0183 |
| Social cognition | 1.13 | [1.00, 1.28] | 0.0628 | 1.9294 | 0.0537 | 53.89% | 21.3436, p = 0.0188 | 1.19 | [1.03, 1.37] | 0.0724 | 23.714 | 0.0177 |
| General intelligence | 0.83 | [0.56, 1.21] | 0.1956 | −0.9765 | 0.3288 | 97.84% | 743.9544, p < 0.0001 | 0.87 | [0.59, 1.27] | 0.1968 | −0.7317 | 0.4644 |
| Premorbid IQ | 1.27 | [1.09, 1.49] | 0.0794 | 3.0287 | 0.0025 | 69.60% | 38.2842, p < 0.0001 | 1.33 | [1.11, 1.58] | 0.0896 | 31.400 | 0.0017 |
| Visuospatial ability | 1.07 | [0.99, 1.16] | 0.0407 | 1.7120 | 0.0869 | 0 | 2.2982, p = 0.6811 | 1.17 | [1.08, 1.27] | 0.0414 | 38.782 | 0.0001 |
| Verbal memory | 1.35 | [0.84, 2.19] | 0.2454 | 1.2288 | 0.2191 | 94.08% | 39.0902, p < 0.0001 | 1.52 | [0.90, 2.57] | 0.2686 | 15.567 | 0.1196 |
| Visual memory | 1.41 | [1.02, 1.94] | 0.1644 | 2.0831 | 0.0372 | 84.67% | 23.4478, p = 0.0003 | 2.27 | [1.00, 5.13] | 0.4162 | 19.675 | 0.0491 |
| Executive functioning | 1.31 | [1.18, 1.45] | 0.0523 | 5.1875 | <0.0001 | 73.55% | 100.9611, p < 0.000 | 1.15 | [1.01, 1.31] | 0.0671 | 2.0361 | 0.0417 |
| Motor functioning | 1.05 | [0.90, 1.22] | 0.0767 | 0.6541 | 0.5130 | 0 | 2.1967, p = 0.5326 | 1.09 | [0.93, 1.27] | 0.0783 | 10.633 | 0.2876 |
| Olfaction | 0.98 | [0.82, 1.17] | 0.0922 | −0.2533 | 0.8000 | 63.43% | 12.2393, p = 0.0157 | 1.05 | [0.88, 1.26] | 0.0901 | 0.5604 | 0.5752 |
| CHR-P developing psychosis and CHR-P not developing psychosis | ||||||||||||
| Processing speed | 0.97 | [0.85, 1.10] | 0.0655 | −0.4724 | 0.6366 | 99.4% | 1927.9720, p < 0.0001 | 0.83 | [0.64, 1.09] | 0.1369 | −1.3539 | 0.1758 |
| Attention/vigilance | 0.98 | [0.88, 1.10] | 0.0579 | −0.2913 | 0.7709 | 0 | 4.4449, p = 0.3491 | 1.01 | [0.77, 1.35] | 0.1438 | 0.1022 | 0.9186 |
| Working memory | 1.08 | [0.76, 1.54] | 0.1808 | 0.4166 | 0.6770 | 74.03% | 13.1200, p = 0.0107 | 1.02 | [0.71, 1.46] | 0.1836 | 0.0831 | 0.9338 |
| Verbal learning | 1.23 | [0.87, 1.74] | 0.1755 | 1.1843 | 0.2363 | 0 | 0.3384, p = 0.8443 | 1.23 | [0.87, 1.74] | 0.1755 | 11.843 | 0.2363 |
| General intelligence | 0.97 | [0.85, 1.10] | 0.0643 | −0.5167 | 0.6053 | 26.34% | 7.7246, p = 0.3575 | 0.97 | [0.85, 1.1] | 0.0643 | −0.5167 | 0.6053 |
| Premorbid IQ | 1.23 | [0.87, 1.74] | 0.1755 | 1.1843 | 0.2363 | 0 | 0.3384, p = 0.8443 | 1.45 | [0.74, 2.81] | 0.3398 | 10.840 | 0.2783 |
| Visual memory | 0.81 | [0.61, 1.07] | 0.1442 | −1.4792 | 0.1391 | 37.03% | 3.3496, p = 0.1873 | 0.81 | [0.61, 1.07] | 0.1442 | −1.4792 | 0.1391 |
| Executive functioning | 1.38 | [1.07, 1.78] | 0.1297 | 2.4934 | 0.012 | 63.18% | 0.7605, p = 0.0447 | 1.38 | [1.07, 1.78] | 0.1297 | 24.934 | 0.0127 |
| Motor functioning | 1.04 | [0.78, 1.38] | 0.1447 | 0.2531 | 0.8002 | 0 | 0.7630, p = 0.6829 | 1.04 | [0.78, 1.38] | 0.1447 | 0.2531 | 0.8002 |
| Olfaction | 1.12 | [0.81, 1.57] | 0.1685 | 0.6989 | 0.4846 | 73.86% | 9.6164, p = 0.0221 | 1.12 | [0.81, 1.57] | 0.1685 | 0.6989 | 0.4846 |
| CHR-P vs FEP | ||||||||||||
| Processing speed | 1.45 | [0.93, 2.28] | 0.2281 | 1.6429 | 0.1004 | 87.24% | 17.2473, p = 0.0002 | 0.86 | [0.57, 1.30] | 0.2095 | −0.701 | 0.4832 |
| Verbal learning | 1.12 | [1.00, 1.26] | 0.0591 | 1.8877 | 0.0591 | 0 | 1.1899, p = 0.9458 | 1.23 | [1.09, 1.39] | 0.0614 | 33.450 | 0.0008 |
| General intelligence | 1.01 | [0.79, 1.28] | 0.1231 | 0.0422 | 0.9663 | 42.36% | 3.5567, p = 0.1689 | 1.12 | [0.90, 1.39] | 0.1096 | 10.275 | 0.3042 |
| Premorbid IQ | 0.80 | [0.59, 1.09] | 0.1570 | −1.3988 | 0.1619 | 49.02% | 3.9242, p = 0.1406 | 0.79 | [0.56, 1.11] | 0.1768 | −1.3469 | 0.1780 |
| Executive functioning | 1.28 | [1.08, 1.51] | 0.0861 | 2.8308 | 0.0046 | 62.86% | 15.4049, p = 0.0173 | 0.88 | [0.69, 1.13] | 0.1280 | −0.9919 | 0.3212 |
Bold values identify statistical significance (p < 0.05).