TABLE 3.

Assumptions about mental illness diagnoses.

Assumptions of mental illness diagnoses	Correct answers	Incorrect answers
(Q18) Single set of diagnostic criteria for mental illnesses	(1) No, 2 or more sets of criteria for a single diagnosis.	(2) Of course, 1 set for an illness.
N	11	3
%	78.57%	21.43%
Solution: at least 3 sets of diagnostic criteria coexist: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases (ICD), and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC, an approach by the National Institute of Mental Health) (26, 70).
(Q19) Causation of symptoms by illnesses	(1) Make sure the diagnostic criteria of the diagnosis include these symptoms	(2) Exam the strengths of association between the diagnosis and these symptoms	(3) Look for pathological or biological evidence to understand the relationship between the diagnosis and the symptoms	NA
N	1	4	8	1
%	7.14%	28.57%	57.14%	7.14%
Solution: symptoms are important measures to identify disorders and the evidence to support the causation between diagnoses and symptoms
may be insufficient. (22, 55).
(Q20) Diagnoses fully explained by symptoms	(1) NOT fully explained by symptoms	(2) Fully explained by symptoms	NA
N	9	4	1
%	64.29%	28.57%	7.14%
Solution: the diagnoses of major depressive episodes, dysthymic disorder, and manic episodes cannot be fully explained by their symptoms, assuming
symptoms occurring with similar prevalence and similar correlations.(9) One exception is the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder that can be fully explained
by its symptoms when the symptoms are randomly assigned to 70% of the population (9).
(Q21) Mental symptoms more common than diagnoses	(1) Yes.	(2) No.	NA
N	13	0	1
%	92.86%	0%	7.14%
Solution: the diagnoses of major depressive episodes, dysthymic disorder, and manic episodes occur less often than their input symptoms, assuming
similar symptom prevalence and correlations.(9)
Q18–Q21	All correct	Incorrect, at least once
N	1	13
%	7.14%	92.86%

NA, no answer.