Table 2.
Association between glycemic parameters and arterial stiffness among the total population.
| Variables | Model 1: HR (95% CI: Lower–Upper) | p-value | Model 2: HR (95% CI: Lower–Upper) | p-value | Model 3: HR (95% CI: Lower–Upper) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (%) | |||||||
| Q1 (≤5.29) | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 (5.30–5.52) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 0.777 | 1.11 (0.81–1.51) | 0.526 | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | 0.434 | |
| Q3 (5.53–5.81) | 1.31 (1.01–1.70) | 0.045 | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 0.008 | 1.53 (1.14–2.04) | 0.005 | |
| Q4 (>5.81) | 1.69 (1.32–2.16) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.25–2.22) | 0.001 | 1.63 (1.22–2.18) | 0.001 | |
| FBG (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Q1 (≤5.13) | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 (5.14–5.45) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.917 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.733 | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.466 | |
| Q3 (5.46–5.96) | 1.09 (0.86–1.40) | 0.476 | 1.14 (0.88–1.49) | 0.319 | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) | 0.609 | |
| Q4 (>5.96) | 1.56 (1.25–1.96) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.11–1.90) | 0.006 | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.137 | |
| PBG (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Q1 (≤5.4) | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 (5.5–6.2) | 1.06 (0.78–1.42) | 0.722 | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) | 0.555 | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 0.911 | |
| Q3 (6.3–7.5) | 1.36 (1.03–1.79) | 0.031 | 1.34 (0.99–1.81) | 0.056 | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | 0.153 | |
| Q4 (>7.5) | 1.68 (1.29–2.18) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.11–2.00) | 0.007 | 1.34 (0.99–1.81) | 0.057 | |
| TyG index | |||||||
| Q1 (≤8.386) | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 (8.387–8.753) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 0.679 | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.819 | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.278 | |
| Q3 (8.754–9.157) | 1.20 (0.95–1.50) | 0.122 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 0.592 | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.750 | |
| Q4 (>9.157) | 1.64 (1.29–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.14–1.92) | 0.003 | 1.23 (0.91–1.64) | 0.174 | |
Model 1: adjusted for age and gender.
Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1, as well as education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity intensity, sleep duration, anemia, excessive salt intake, and medication history of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 plus BMI, MAP, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Q, quartile; PBG, postprandial blood glucose; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.