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. 2022 May 7;28(17):1814–1829. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i17.1814

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©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Gut-liver axis. A: Phylogenetic microbiota composition; B: Plasma lipopolysaccharide concentrations; C: Hepatic Lbp gene expression; D: Hepatic Tlr4 gene expression. Brown-Forsythe and Welch one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 post hoc test (mean ± SD, n = 6). Significant differences are indicated as follows: ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001; ^dP < 0.0001. C: Control diet; HF: High-fat diet; HFA: High-fat diet plus PPAR-alpha agonist (WY14643); HFL: High-fat diet plus DPP-4 inhibitor (linagliptin); HFC: High-fat diet plus the combination of WY14643 with linagliptin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.