Table 1.
Effect of Diabetes-Specific Nutrition Formulas on Glycemic and Cardiometabolic Endpoints in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
| Study [reference] | Design, Population | Intervention | Control | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lansink et al. (12) | Parallel, RCT, 44 T2D patients | 2x200mL of DSNF (Diasip®) for 4 weeks (n=22; 9M, 13F) | 2x200mL isocaloric standard formula for 4 weeks (n=22; 16M, 6F) | ↓PPGR in DSNF group at visit 1 (Day 1) and after 4 weeks use vs. control group |
| Laksir et al. (14) | Crossover, RCT, 19 T2D patients who were malnourished or at risk of malnourishment | 1x200mL DSNF (Fortimel DiaCare) 2x100mL DSNF (Fortimel DiaCare) |
1x200mL standard formula (Fortimel Extra) | ↓PPGR and iCmax of glucose after DSNF consumption (1x200mL) vs. standard formula (1x200mL) ↓PPGR and PPIR after 2 half servings of DSNF (2x100mL) vs. full serving of DSNF (1x200mL) |
| Angarita Dávila et al. (15) | Crossover, RCT, 16 T2D patients | DSNF with resistant maltodextrin and sucromalt (GS; Glucerna SR®) DSNF with lactose, isomaltulose and resistant starch (DI; Diasip®) |
Non-DSNF (ET; Ensure®) | ↓PGR, PPIR and GIP response in GS and DI group vs. ET ↑GLP-1 response in GS group vs. ET and DI |
| Gulati et al. (16) | Crossover, RCT, 40 T2D patients | DSNF (Nutren® Diabetes) | Isocaloric meal (Cornflakes and milk) | ↓PPGR and PPIR in DSNF group vs. isocaloric meal group |
| Mottalib et al. (17) | Crossover, RCT, 22 OW/OB patients with T2D | DSNF (Glucerna; GL) DSNF (Ultra Glucose Control; UGC) |
Isocaloric meal (Oatmeal; OM) | ↓PPGR and ↑ GLP-1 response after GL and UGC vs. OM |
| Mustad et al. (18) | Parallel, RCT, 81 T2D patients on oral anti-diabetes medications | Participants consumed DSNF (Glucerna Hunger Smart) at breakfast and as a mid-afternoon snack (DNSF Bkfst/AS; n=24) Participants consumed DSNF (Glucerna Hunger Smart) at breakfast and as a prebed snack (DNSF Bkfst/PBS; n=25) |
Participants consumed no study product (SSD; n=32) | ↓Positive AUC and ↓ adjusted peak value for glucose in DNSF Bkfst/AS group compared to SSD group ↓Nocturnal glycemic variability during the intervention phase compared with baseline phase in DSNF Bkfst/AS group |
| Chee et al. (19) | Parallel, RCT, 230 OW/OB patients with T2D | tDNA plan incorporating DSNFs with motivational interviewing for 6 months (tDNA-MI) tDNA plan incorporating DSNFs with conventional counseling for 6 months (tDNA-CC) |
Usual care (UC) for 6 months | ↓Body weight, HbA1c, and SBP in tDNA-MI and tDNA-CC groups vs. UC group at 6 months ↓FPG in tDNA-MI group vs. UC group at 6 months |
| Look AHEAD Group 2013 (20) | 5145 OW/OB patients with T2D | Intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) incorporating various MRs including DSNFs | Diabetes support and education (DSE) control group | ↓Body weight and ↓ HbA1c in ILI group compared with control group throughout study period (median follow-up, 9.6 years) |
| Elia et al. (21) | SRMA, 23 studies, n=784 patients with T2D | DSNFs (oral or tube feeds) | Standard formulas | ↓Postprandial rise in blood glucose, peak blood glucose, and glucose AUC; reduced requirement for insulin |
| Ojo et al. (22) | SRMA, 5 studies, n=270 patients with T2D | DSNFs (oral or tube feeds) | Standard formulas | ↓FBG and HbA1c, and ↑HDL-c in DSF groups compared with standard formulas groups |
| Sanz-Paris et al. (23) | SRMA, 18 studies, n=845 patients with T1D/T2D | DSNFs high in MUFAs (oral or tube feeds) | Standard formulas | ↓Postprandial glucose peak, incremental glucose response, glucose variability, HbA1c change from baseline, mean administered insulin dose, mean blood triglycerides and ↑ mean blood HDL |
AUC, area under the curve; DSNF, diabetes-specific nutrition formula; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; F, female; GIP, gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; iCmax, incremental maximum concentration; M, male; OW/OB, overweight/obese; PPGR, postprandial glucose response; PPIR, postprandial insulin response; SBP, systolic blood pressure; tDNA, trans-cultural diabetes nutrition algorithm; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
“down arrow” = reduced/lower.
“up arrow” = increased/higher.