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. 2022 Apr 29;13:853000. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853000

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Copyright © 2022 Attaluri, Upadhya, Kodali, Madhu, Upadhya, Shuai and Shetty

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Animals with chronic Gulf War Illness (GWI) displayed an increased concentration of leukotrienes (LTs) in the brain and brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the circulating blood but not in the serum. The bar charts (A–C) compare 5-LOX (A), LTB4 (B), and cysteinyl LT (CysLT; C) concentrations in the hippocampus, (D, E) compare LTB4 (D) and CysLTs (E) concentrations in the cerebral cortex, and (F, G) compare LTB4 and CysLT concentrations in the serum between naïve and GWI rats. The bar charts in (H–K) compare LTB4 and CysLT concentrations in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs H, I) and astrocyte derived EVs (ADEVs; J, K) between naïve and GWI rats. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ****, p < 0.0001; NS, not significant.