Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by mean glucose level and glycemic variability in patients with sepsis.
| Features | Mean blood glucose level during ICU hospitalization | p-value | Glycemic variability during ICU hospitalization | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose <= 140 | Glucose 140 to <200 | Glucose > = 200 | GlUcv < 15.174 | GLUcv 15.174 to <= 31.429 | GlUcv > 31.429 | |||
| N = 4,407 | N = 2,029 | N = 668 | N = 1,776 | N = 3,552 | N = 1,776 | |||
| Demographic features | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 68.0 (54.9, 80.5) | 69.8 (58.8, 79.8) | 68.8 (59.6, 78.1) | 0.001 | 68.5 (55.5, 80.7) | 68.5 (56.4, 80.1) | 68.8 (57.4, 79.6) | 0.9 |
| Gender | 0.289 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 2,010 (45.6%) | 920 (45.3%) | 283 (42.4%) | 720 (40.5%) | 1,670 (47.0%) | 823 (46.3%) | ||
| Male | 2,397 (54.4%) | 1,109 (54.7%) | 385 (57.6%) | 1,056 (59.5%) | 1,882 (53.0%) | 953 (53.7%) | ||
| Care unit type | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Cardiac vascular intensive care unit | 568 (12.9%) | 171 (8.43%) | 13 (1.95%) | 267 (15.0%) | 339 (9.54%) | 146 (8.22%) | ||
| Coronary care unit | 267 (6.06%) | 184 (9.07%) | 72 (10.8%) | 114 (6.42%) | 254 (7.15%) | 155 (8.73%) | ||
| Medical intensive care unit | 1,403 (31.8%) | 647 (31.9%) | 267 (40.0%) | 507 (28.5%) | 1,180 (33.2%) | 630 (35.5%) | ||
| Medical/surgical intensive care unit | 964 (21.9%) | 411 (20.3%) | 166 (24.9%) | 364 (20.5%) | 765 (21.5%) | 412 (23.2%) | ||
| Neuro intermediate | 112 (2.54%) | 38 (1.87%) | 11 (1.65%) | 55 (3.10%) | 81 (2.28%) | 25 (1.41%) | ||
| Neuro stepdown | 60 (1.36%) | 7 (0.34%) | 5 (0.75%) | 23 (1.30%) | 43 (1.21%) | 6 (0.34%) | ||
| Neuro surgical intensive care unit | 70 (1.59%) | 42 (2.07%) | 11 (1.65%) | 41 (2.31%) | 64 (1.80%) | 18 (1.01%) | ||
| Surgical intensive care unit | 559 (12.7%) | 316 (15.6%) | 78 (11.7%) | 228 (12.8%) | 482 (13.6%) | 243 (13.7%) | ||
| Trauma SICU | 404 (9.17%) | 213 (10.5%) | 45 (6.74%) | 177 (9.97%) | 344 (9.68%) | 141 (7.94%) | ||
| Inflammatory indicators # | ||||||||
| WBC_max (X 103/uL) | 13.6 (9.50, 19.0) | 15.1 (10.7, 20.6) | 15.0 (10.9, 20.3) | <0.001 | 13.4 (9.60, 18.3) | 14.2 (9.80, 19.6) | 15.1 (10.6, 21.1) | <0.001 |
| NLR | 8.73 (5.80, 14.4) | 9.46 (6.33, 15.9) | 9.71 (6.90, 16.4) | <0.001 | 8.20 (5.55, 12.9) | 9.13 (6.13, 15.3) | 9.77 (6.61, 16.7) | <0.001 |
| Severe scoring | ||||||||
| SOFA | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 0.231 | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | <0.001 |
| APSIII | 54.0 (39.0, 73.0) | 61.0 (47.0, 82.0) | 65.0 (52.0, 83.0) | <0.001 | 49.0 (36.0, 63.0) | 58.0 (43.0, 77.0) | 67.0 (50.0, 87.0) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00, 9.00) | <0.001 | 5.00 (4.00, 7.25) | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 708 (16.1%) | 996 (49.1%) | 536 (80.2%) | <0.001 | 324 (18.2%) | 992 (27.9%) | 924 (52.0%) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock | 1,761 (40.0%) | 868 (42.8%) | 238 (35.6%) | 0.003 | 624 (35.1%) | 1,465 (41.2%) | 778 (43.8%) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppression | 839 (19.0%) | 373 (18.4%) | 124 (18.6%) | 0.811 | 323 (18.2%) | 707 (19.9%) | 306 (17.2%) | 0.046 |
| Myocardial infarct | 598 (13.6%) | 374 (18.4%) | 174 (26.0%) | <0.001 | 234 (13.2%) | 554 (15.6%) | 358 (20.2%) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,279 (29.0%) | 728 (35.9%) | 263 (39.4%) | <0.001 | 503 (28.3%) | 1,139 (32.1%) | 628 (35.4%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 455 (10.3%) | 214 (10.5%) | 84 (12.6%) | 0.211 | 167 (9.40%) | 362 (10.2%) | 224 (12.6%) | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 612 (13.9%) | 330 (16.3%) | 122 (18.3%) | 0.002 | 299 (16.8%) | 517 (14.6%) | 248 (14.0%) | 0.034 |
| COPD | 1,215 (27.6%) | 576 (28.4%) | 187 (28.0%) | 0.79 | 444 (25.0%) | 1,052 (29.6%) | 482 (27.1%) | 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 899 (20.4%) | 568 (28.0%) | 224 (33.5%) | <0.001 | 353 (19.9%) | 794 (22.4%) | 544 (30.6%) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 808 (18.3%) | 398 (19.6%) | 119 (17.8%) | 0.398 | 281 (15.8%) | 686 (19.3%) | 358 (20.2%) | 0.001 |
| Infection site | ||||||||
| Skin subcutaneous tissue | 334 (7.58%) | 173 (8.53%) | 63 (9.43%) | 0.16 | 137 (7.71%) | 286 (8.05%) | 147 (8.28%) | 0.823 |
| Catheter related | 88 (2.00%) | 56 (2.76%) | 16 (2.40%) | 0.154 | 32 (1.80%) | 84 (2.36%) | 44 (2.48%) | 0.325 |
| Urinary tract | 874 (19.8%) | 359 (17.7%) | 150 (22.5%) | 0.016 | 331 (18.6%) | 707 (19.9%) | 345 (19.4%) | 0.545 |
| Intestinal infection | 248 (5.63%) | 110 (5.42%) | 32 (4.79%) | 0.667 | 75 (4.22%) | 214 (6.02%) | 101 (5.69%) | 0.023 |
| Septicemia | 1,584 (35.9%) | 762 (37.6%) | 286 (42.8%) | 0.002 | 516 (29.1%) | 1,370 (38.6%) | 746 (42.0%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary infection | 1,468 (33.3%) | 706 (34.8%) | 210 (31.4%) | 0.239 | 530 (29.8%) | 1,282 (36.1%) | 572 (32.2%) | <0.001 |
| Curing | ||||||||
| RRT | 419 (9.51%) | 271 (13.4%) | 79 (11.8%) | <0.001 | 106 (5.97%) | 388 (10.9%) | 275 (15.5%) | <0.001 |
| MV | 2,408 (54.6%) | 1,273 (62.7%) | 389 (58.2%) | <0.001 | 814 (45.8%) | 2,144 (60.4%) | 1,112 (62.6%) | <0.001 |
| MV duration (h) | 6.50 (0.00, 45.0) | 19.0 (0.00, 80.0) | 14.3 (0.00, 61.0) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00, 22.4) | 14.0 (0.00, 66.3) | 20.0 (0.00, 75.4) | <0.001 |
| Norepinephrine | 1,156 (26.2%) | 614 (30.3%) | 188 (28.1%) | 0.003 | 343 (19.3%) | 1,028 (28.9%) | 587 (33.1%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 1,627 (36.9%) | 1,597 (78.7%) | 643 (96.3%) | <0.001 | 667 (37.6%) | 1,884 (53.0%) | 1,316 (74.1%) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||||||
| Length of ICU stay | 3.92 (2.76, 6.64) | 4.52 (2.91, 8.65) | 3.89 (2.74, 6.87) | <0.001 | 3.28 (2.55, 5.05) | 4.48 (2.93, 8.01) | 4.37 (2.86, 7.93) | <0.001 |
| Mortality_hospital | 666 (15.1%) | 481 (23.7%) | 152 (22.8%) | <0.001 | 223 (12.6%) | 652 (18.4%) | 424 (23.9%) | <0.001 |
| Mortality_ICU | 407 (9.24%) | 330 (16.3%) | 104 (15.6%) | <0.001 | 124 (6.98%) | 416 (11.7%) | 301 (16.9%) | <0.001 |
| Mortality_ICU_7day | 262 (5.95%) | 205 (10.1%) | 68 (10.2%) | <0.001 | 105 (5.91%) | 242 (6.81%) | 188 (10.6%) | <0.001 |
| Mortality_ICU_28day | 607 (13.8%) | 434 (21.4%) | 142 (21.3%) | <0.001 | 209 (11.8%) | 587 (16.5%) | 387 (21.8%) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemia | 759 (17.2%) | 198 (9.76%) | 56 (8.38%) | <0.001 | 43 (2.42%) | 460 (13.0%) | 510 (28.7%) | <0.001 |
Continuous data are presented as the median (interquartile range) and categorical data as n (%).
WBC, white blood cell; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RRT, renal replacement therapy; MV, mechanical ventilation.
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Inflammatory indicators use the maximum value in the first 24 h after ICU admission.