Table 6.

Between-group difference of scores on depressive symptoms as well as problematic social media use, perceived social support, social media violence, and loneliness among college students in Shaanxi, China (n = 60).

Variables	Time Point	Intervention Group (I)	Control Group (C)	Mean Difference (I-C) (95% CI)	p-Values of ANOVA a,b	Cohen’s d Effect Size c
Depressive symptoms	T1	16.00 ± 10.77	13.23 ± 10.57	2.77 (−2.75, 8.28)	0.319
	T2	3.00 ± 4.65	15.70 ± 9.73	−12.70 *** (−16.64, −8.76)	<0.001 *	1.67
	T3	3.43 ± 5.14	12.13 ± 9.36	−8.70 *** (−12.60, −4.80)	<0.001 *	1.15
Problematic social media use	T1	23.53 ± 7.12	20.50 ± 4.59	3.03 (−0.06, 6.13)	0.055
	T2	12.87 ± 4.90	21.23 ± 4.92	−8.37 *** (−10.91, −5.83)	<0.001 *	1.70
	T3	12.67 ± 5.40	21.33 ± 5.37	−8.67 *** (−11.45, −5.88)	<0.001 *	1.61
Perceived social support	T1	67.63 ± 12.15	67.00 ± 14.38	0.63 (−6.25, 7.51)	0.854
	T2	78.50 ± 9.05	65.93 ± 12.13	12.57 *** (7.04, 18.10)	<0.001 *	−1.17
	T3	79.07 ± 9.71	65.50 ± 12.71	13.57 *** (7.72, 19.41)	<0.001 *	−1.20
Social media violence	T1	4.87 ± 1.14	5.17 ± 1.76	−0.30 (−1.07, 0.47)	0.437
	T2	4.30 ± 0.84	5.60 ± 2.06	−1.30 ** (−2.11, −0.49)	0.002 *	0.83
	T3	4.43 ± 0.97	5.87 ± 2.32	−1.43 ** (−2.35, −0.52)	0.003	0.80
Loneliness	T1	18.23 ± 3.87	17.70 ± 3.94	0.53 (−1.48, 2.55)	0.599
	T2	13.17 ± 3.04	17.07 ± 3.52	−3.90 *** (−5.60, −2.20)	<0.001 *	1.19
	T3	11.0 ± 4.14	15.93 ± 4.56	−4.93 *** (−7.19, −2.68)	<0.001 *	1.13

** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. ^a: We used Bonferroni Tests to adjust for the multiple comparison testing effect, p = 0.003 = 0.05/15 indicates the standard of statistical significance for each intervention effect. ^b: Baseline level of each variable was adjusted for in the ANOVA. ^c: Cohen’s d effect size was calculated with formula of (Mc-Mi)/SDpooled at T2 or T3. Cohen’s Rules of Thumb suggests that d values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 represent small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. *: To indicate the significance after considering multiple comparison effect.