Table 2.
Weighted prevalence of chronic diseases, chronic-disease-related biomarkers, and self-rated general and mental health by immigration status.
|
Non-Immigrants †
(78.1%), % |
Immigrants
(21.9%), % |
All Participants,
(100%), % |
p-Value | ||
| Diabetes | (Yes) | 4.82 | 6.59 | 5.21 | 0.095 |
| Heart disease | (Yes) | 3.55 | 2.37 | 3.29 | 0.029 |
| Cancer | (Yes) | 6.41 | 4.65 | 6.02 | 0.041 |
| Asthma | (Yes) | 11.46 | 5.06 | 10.05 | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory lung diseases a | (Yes) | 3.86 | 1.95 | 3.34 | 0.028 |
| CDs b | (Yes) | 23.2 | 16.64 | 21.72 | <0.001 |
| Self-rated general health | (Poor/fair) | 9.67 | 11.67 | 10.11 | 0.121 |
| Self-rated mental health | (Poor/fair) | 8.31 | 6.76 | 7.95 | 0.334 |
| S-25(OH)D, nmol/L | (<50) | 31.75 | 52.82 | 36.34 | <0.001 |
| CD-Related Biomarkers |
Non-Immigrants †
Mean (SE) |
Immigrants
Mean (SE) |
95% CI | p-Value | |
| Serum vitD | S-25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 62.72 (1.73) | 51.23 (1.41) | 8.37, 14.62 | <0.001 |
| Glucose homeostasis | HbA1c (%) | 5.39 (0.03) | 5.52 (0.04) | −0.19, −0.07 | <0.001 |
| Lipid profile | TC/HDL ratio | 3.63 (0.035) | 3.79 (0.07) | −0.30, −0.02 | 0.030 |
| Immune system and inflammation | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.46 (0.07) | 2.12 (0.13) | 0.06, 0.6 | 0.017 |
| IgE (IU/mL) | 118.37 (6.46) | 102.75 (6.59) | −1.14, 32.38 | 0.066 | |
| Hematology | Ferritin (µg/L) | 103.07 (2.42) | 123.07 (6.20) | −34.45, −5.54 | 0.009 |
| Hb (g/L) | 140.54 (0.43) | 137.73 (0.70) | 1.22, 4.42 | 0.001 |
a Inflammatory lung diseases: bronchitis + chronic obstructive pulmonary disease + emphysema; (age > 29 years); b CDs (chronic diseases): at least one of the listed CDs (diabetes, heart disease, cancer, asthma, and inflammatory lung diseases). † Reference value; p ≤ 0.05; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.