Table 3.

Inflammatory markers and adipokines in patients with prediabetes of the PLC and MO groups during the intervention.

		0 Weeks	6 Weeks	12 Weeks	MIXED Model p #	Rate of Change a 0 Weeks–12 Weeks
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	PLC	67, 82 ± 57	69, 77 ± 42	69, 77 ± 36	0.328	0.063 ± 0.418
	MO	63, 71 ± 35	70, 64 ± 24	57, 69 ± 45		−0.002 ± 0.312
						NS
TNF-α (pg/mL)	PLC	6.0, 7.4 ± 3.7	6.4, 7.1 ± 3.5	5.5, 6.7 ± 3.1	0.291	−0.057 ± 0.232
	MO	5.7, 6.4 ± 2.4	6.5, 6.8 ± 2.8	5.5, 6.0 ± 2.3		−0.034 ± 0.279
						NS
IL-6 (pg/mL)	PLC	1.8, 2.6 ± 3.0	1.7, 3.7 ± 7.3	1.8, 2.3 ± 2.1	0.607	−0.012 ± 0.599
	MO	1.3, 3.6 ± 7.9	1.7, 4.9 ± 11.5	1.2, 3.2 ± 9.1		−0.158 ± 0.368
						NS
IL-1β (pg/mL)	PLC	1.4, 1.7 ± 1.1	1.3, 1.7 ± 1.0	1.3, 1.6 ± 0.9	0.908	−0.008 ± 0.372
	MO	1.4, 1.5 ± 0.8	1.3, 1.5 ± 0.8	1.1, 1.3 ± 0.6		−0.061 ± 0.328
						NS
hsCRP (pg/mL)	PLC	0.15, 0.40 ± 0.64	0.11, 0.31 ± 0.67	0.12, 0.30 ± 0.50	0.359	0.457 ± 2.457
	MO	0.10, 0.23 ± 0.41	0.11, 0.19 ± 0.21	0.11, 0.19 ± 0.22		1.189 ± 3.423
						NS
Leptin (ng/mL)	PLC	5.63, 7.59 ± 7.97	6.61, 7.75 ± 8.29	5.66, 6.72 ± 5.45	0.343	0.072 ± 0.454
	MO	6.48, 7.15 ± 4.68	8.35, 7.96 ± 4.73	5.87, 6.99 ± 4.95		−0.017 ± 0.387
						NS
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	PLC	23.1, 27.7 ± 21.7	21.09, 24.5 ± 16.6	15.42, 18.5 ± 12.0	0.871	−0.242 ± 0.338
	MO	23.4, 26.5 ± 16.1	15.91, 23.2 ± 16.4	15.60, 18.8 ± 10.9		−0.262 ± 0.252
						NS

Median, Mean ± SD. MIXED linear model with the repeated factor “visit” and the fixed factors “treatment” and “Fat_Status” and the interaction “visit × treatment” and “Fat_Status × treatment”; p ^# corresponds to “visit × treatment”. ^a ANCOVA with the fixed factors “treatment” and “Fat_Status” and using the basal value as covariate; NS, not significant. PLC: placebo; MO: Moringa oleifera Lam.; MCP: macrophage chemoattractant protein.