Effects of IDO1 genetic ablation on liver inflammation. Apoe−/− or Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice were fed a high-fat cholesterol diet (HFCD) for 7 weeks; pooled data from two independent experiments are shown. (A) Relative Cd68 mRNA expression (n = 15–16); (B) Relative Clec4f mRNA expression (n = 15); (C) Quantification of immunofluorescently stained Mac-2+ macrophages (n = 15); and (D) representative Mac-2+ fluorescence staining of liver from Apoe−/− or Apoe−/−Ido1−/−; Bar = 50 µm. (E) Relative hepatic mRNA expression of M1-like macrophage markers (Cd80, Il12, and Cxcl10 mRNA, and CCL2 and TNF protein) (n = 15–16) and (F) M2-like macrophage markers (Chil3, Arg1, and Cd206 mRNA, and IL-10 protein) (n = 15–16). Orange and blue colours are used to identify female and male mice, respectively; no differences between groups were detected using a Mann–Whitney U test.