Table 1.
Sample characteristics and bivariate analyses by gender.
| Variables | Whole | Men | Women | χ2 or t |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | ||
| Human capital (HC) | ||||
| Education attainment (Above college) | 57.53% | 58.49% | 56.91% | χ2 = 0.27 |
| Continuing education (yes) | 57.08% | 48.62% | 62.56% | χ2 = 20.96 *** |
| Social capital (SC) | ||||
| Engaged in community services (yes) | 63.93% | 60.78% | 65.97% | χ2 = 3.09 |
| Engaged in educational, cultural or professional association (yes) | 57.08% | 55.50% | 58.10% | χ2 = 0.73 |
| Whether voted (yes) | 85.57% | 84.86% | 86.03% | χ2 = 0.29 |
| Providing care for vulnerable groups (yes) | 70.87% | 69.95% | 71.47% | χ2 = 0.29 |
| Frequency of social contact with friends or families ‡ | 1.94 (0.97) | 1.79 (1.00) | 2.05 (0.93) | t = −4.42 *** |
| Social network (Lubben social network scale) | 12.63 (6.45) | 11.25 (6.29) | 13.52 (6.40) | t = −5.80 *** |
| Financial capital (FC, Financial situation scale) | 12.57 (4.48) | 12.49 (4.63) | 12.62 (4.38) | t = −0.47 |
| Generativity (GEN, Loyola generativity scale) | 8.19 (2.88) | 7.72 (2.95) | 8.50 (2.82) | t = −4.41 *** |
| Physical health (PH) | ||||
| Self-rated health | 6.79 (1.94) | 6.50 (1.97) | 6.87 (1.91) | t = −1.88 |
| Mobility limitation † | 1.27 (0.60) | 1.29 (0.66) | 1.25 (0.56) | t = 0.95 |
| Mental health (MH, WHO-5) | 11.96 (5.44) | 11.61 (5.47) | 12.19 (5.42) | t = −1.72 |
| Covariates | ||||
| Gender (woman) | 60.69% | -- | -- | -- |
| Age (age 45–55) | 29.58% | 23.85% | 33.28% | χ2 = 16.36 *** |
| 55–65 | 46.98% | 47.48% | 46.66% | |
| 65+ | 23.44% | 28.67% | 20.06% | |
| Marital status (married) | 60.60% | 70.87% | 53.94% | χ2 = 31.78 *** |
| Employment (working) | 44.63% | 44.27% | 44.87% | χ2 = 0.04 |
| Income ‡ | 2.59 (1.49) | 2.68 (1.53) | 2.54 (1.46) | t = 1.58 |
| Assets ‡ | 2.74 (1.29) | 2.70 (1.32) | 2.76 (1.28) | t = −0.80 |
| Financial ownerships | 2.30 (1.65) | 2.04 (1.67) | 2.47 (1.62) | t = −4.14 *** |
| Number of chronic diseases † | 0.75 (0.93) | 0.92 (0.98) | 0.63 (0.87) | t = 4.99 *** |
Notes: † indicates unequal variance adjustment for the t tests. ‡ indicates ordinal measures. *** p < 0.001,** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.