Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and metabolic parameters of patients.
| Characteristics: Median or n (%) |
Lean Cancer (n = 17) |
Obese Cancer (n = 23) |
Lean Control (n = 18) |
Obese Control (n = 12) |
p-Value m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.0 a | 68.0 | 60.5 a | 59.5 | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.74 b | 38.20 b | 23.65 b | 31.95 b | <0.0001 |
| Stage | |||||
| I A | 10 (58.8%) | 15 (65.2%) | N/A | N/A | |
| I B | 4 (23.5%) | 3 (13%) | |||
| II A | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.3%) | |||
| III A | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.3%) | |||
| III C | 1 (5.9%) | 2 (8.7%) | |||
| IV A | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| IV B | 1 (5.9%) | 1 (4.3%) | |||
| Grade | N/A | N/A | |||
| 1 | 13 (76.5%) | 14 (60.9%) | |||
| 2 | 3 (17.6%) | 8 (34.8%) | |||
| 3 | 1 (5.9%) | 1 (4.3%) | |||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 5 (29.4%) | 6 (26.1%) | 6 (33.3%) | 3 (25.0%) | |
| 1 or 2 | 9 (52.9%) | 6 (26.1%) | 8 (44.4%) | 6 (50.0%) | |
| 3 or more | 3 (17.6%) | 11 (47.8%) | 4 (22.2%) | 3 (25.0%) | |
| Gravidity | |||||
| 0 | 4 (23.5%) | 7 (30.4%) | 4 (22.2%) | 2 (16.7%) | |
| 1 or 2 | 8 (47.1%) | 4 (17.4%) | 11 (61.1%) | 6 (50.0%) | |
| 3 or 4 | 2 (11.8%) | 10 (43.5%) | 3 (16.7%) | 3 (25.0%) | |
| 5 or more | 3 (17.6%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Age at Menarche (years) | 13.5 (n = 16) | 13.0 | 13.0 (n = 17) | 13.0 | 0.567 |
| Age at Menopause (years) | 51.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 (n = 15) | 50.5 | 0.681 |
| Any systemic HRT history | (n = 15) | ||||
| 8 (53.3%) | 4 (17.4%) | 7 (38.9%) | 3 (25.0%) | ||
| Years on systemic HRT | 0.50 (n = 15) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.055 |
| No OCP History | (n = 14) | (n = 26) | (n = 18) | ||
| 6 (42.9%) | 9 (40.9%) | 7 (43.8%) | 6 (50.0%) | ||
| Years on OCP | 1.25 (n = 14) | 2.00 (n = 21) | 4.50 (n = 16) | 0.50 | 0.839 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (33.3%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 5 (29.4%) | 6 (26.1%) | 2 (11.1%) | 8 (66.7%) | |
| Hypertension | 6 (35.3%) | 18 (78.3%) | 1 (5.6%) | 6 (50.0%) | |
| Hypothyroidism | 4 (23.5%) | 3 (13.0%) | 4 (22.2%) | 2 (16.7%) | |
| Regular Medications | 12 (70.6%) | 19 (82.6%) | 11 (61.1%) | 9 (75.0%) | |
| Tobacco Use | (n = 21) | (n = 10) | |||
| Never | 10 (58.8%) | 11 (52.4%) | 16 (88.9%) | 8 (80.0%) | |
| Current | 2 (11.8%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Previous | 5 (29.4%) | 8 (38.1%) | 2 (11.1%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Pack Years | 0.00 | 0.00 (n = 21) | 0.00 | 0.00 (n = 10) | 0.171 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.70 c | 5.20 (n = 23) | 5.10 | 5.60 c | 0.013 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 4.30 d (n = 15) | 9.50 de (n = 22) | 4.80 e (n = 15) | 7.70 (n = 10) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c IFCC (mmol/mol) | 37.0 (n = 16) | 39.0 f | 34.5 fg | 40.0 g | 0.003 |
| HbA1c NGSP (%) | 5.55 (n = 16) | 5.80 h | 5.35 h | 5.80 | 0.005 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.90 (n = 16) | 1.30 (n = 20) | 1.65 | 1.30 | 0.043 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.80 (n = 16) | 2.85 (n = 20) | 2.45 | 1.90 | 0.233 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.45 (n = 8) | 1.35 (n = 20) | 1.30 (n = 15) | 1.60 (n = 11) | 0.554 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1 i (n = 16) | 4 ij (n = 22) | 1.5 j | 3 | 0.003 |
| Estradiol (pmol/L) | 19.0 k (n = 13) | 39.5 kl (n = 20) | 16.0 l (n = 17) | 31.0 g (n = 11) | 0.005 |
a Pairwise comparison revealed a significant difference (p = 0.004#). b Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference between lean control group and obese control group (p = 0.002#), lean control group and obese cancer group (p = 0.000#), lean cancer group and obese control group (p = 0.002#), and lean cancer group and obese cancer group (p = 0.000#). c–l Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05#) and m p values were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, and # p values have been adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison tests. HRT (hormone replacement therapy), OCP (oral contraceptive pill), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), HbA1c National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP), C-reactive protein (CRP).