Table 1.

Biomarker candidates of the different aspects of multiple sclerosis: peptides with at least two different proteomic studies implying their role in the disease.

Candidate Protein	Pathogenesis—Animal Model	Pathogenesis—Human Tissue	Diagnosis	Differentiating between Clinical Courses	Differential Diagnosis	Conversion from CIS to RRMS	Disease Activity	Progression	Monitoring Therapy	Sample Type(s)
ala-β-his-dipeptidase [170,172]	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	CSF
Apo-A [149,166,167]	-	-	1	-	1	1	-	-	-	CSF
Apo-C [149,159]	-	-	1	1	-	-	-	-	-	CSF
Biotinidase [134,135]	-	1	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	CSF, serum
Ceruloplasmin [108,136,152,169]	1	1	1	-	-	1	-	-	-	EAE CSF, CSF, serum
CHI3L1 [131,160,169,170,196]	-	1	-	1	-	2	-	-	1	CSF
CHI3L2 [131,160,182]	-	1	-	1	-	-	-	1	-	CSF
Complement C3 [107,108,134,136,183]	2	2	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	EAE brain tissue, EAE CSF, CSF, serum
Complement C4 [107,108,134,176,177,178]	2	1	-	-	-	-	3	-	-	EAE brain tissue, EAE CSF, CSF, serum
Fibrinogen [108,115,161,178,185,193]	2	-	-	1	-	-	1	2	-	EAE immune cells, EAE CSF, CSF, human platelets
GFAP [154,155,164]	-	-	1	1	2	-	-	-	-	EAE spinal cord tissue, CSF
Haptoglobin [103,108,163,167,185,196]	2	-	-	-	1	1	-	1	1	EAE brain tissue, EAE CSF, CSF, serum
Plasminogen [108,145,195]	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	1	EAE CSF, serum, human endothelial cells
SAP [104,142,143,144]	1	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	EAE brain tissue, plasma
Secretogranin-I and II [129,161,179]	-	1	-	1	-	-	-	1	-	CSF
SERPINA3 [146,150]	-	-	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	CSF
Stathmin-1 [103,104]	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	EAE brain and spinal cord
Thymosin-β4 [121,122,161]	-	2	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	Human brain tissue, CSF
Transferrin [134,167]	-	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-	CSF
VILIP-1 [102,110]	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	EAE and cuprizone brain tissue
Vitamin D-binding protein [142,147,156]	-	-	1	1	-	1	-	-	-	CSF, serum
α-2-macroglobulin [101,193]	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	EAE CSF, human platelets
α-glycoproteins [105,108,142,143,144,145,167]	1	-	4	-	-	1	-	-	-	EAE brain tissue, EAE CSF, CSF, serum