Table 1.
Characteristics of the RANG survey respondents by anxiety presence.
| Variable | Anxiety, n (%) | p-Value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Total | ||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
| 18–29 | 40 (70) | 17 (30) | 57 (6) | Reference b |
| 30–49 | 186 (65) | 100 (35) | 286 (28) | 0.45 |
| 50–69 | 180 (41) | 259 (59) | 439 (43) | <0.001 |
| 70–89 | 56 (27) | 154 (73) | 210 (21) | <0.001 |
| I prefer not to answer | 4 (22) | 14 (78) | 18 (2) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.002 | |||
| Male | 38 (33) | 78 (67) | 116 (11) | |
| Female | 419 (48) | 451 (52) | 870 (86) | |
| Race | 0.2 | |||
| Asian | 13 (54) | 11 (46) | 24 (2) | 0.43 |
| Black/African American | 10 (46) | 12 (55) | 22 (2) | 0.96 |
| White | 382 (46) | 448 (54) | 830 (82) | Reference |
| Other | 25 (61) | 16 (39.02) | 41 (4) | 0.06 |
| I prefer not to answer | 36 (39) | 56 (61) | 92 (9) | 0.05 |
| Ethnicity | 0.5 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 11 (39) | 17 (61) | 28 (3) | 0.44 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 406 (47) | 463 (53) | 869 (87) | Reference |
| I prefer not to answer | 44 (42) | 62 (58.49) | 106 (11) | 0.31 |
| Education | 0.04 | |||
| High-school graduate/GED | 13 (52) | 12 (48) | 25 (2) | 0.66 |
| Some college or associate degree | 66 (40) | 100 (60) | 166 (16) | 0.09 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 145 (48.17) | 156 (52) | 301 (30) | 0.84 |
| Graduate or professional degree | 241 (47) | 267 (53) | 508 (50) | Reference |
| I prefer not to answer | 1 (9) | 10 (91) | 11 (1) | 0.01 |
| State of residence | <0.001 | |||
| Maryland | 273 (54) | 237 (46) | 510 (50) | Reference |
| Texas | 49 (29) | 120 (71) | 169 (17) | <0.001 |
| South Carolina | 48 (32) | 100 (68) | 148 (15) | <0.001 |
| Other | 97 (52) | 89 (48) | 186 (18) | 0.75 |
| Personally experienced COVID-19 symptoms | 0.06 | |||
| Yes | 41 (57) | 31 (43) | 72 (7) | |
| No | 426 (45) | 515 (55) | 941 (93) | |
| Family member experienced COVID-19 symptoms | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 64 (57) | 48 (48) | 112 (11) | |
| No | 403 (45) | 497 (55) | 900 (89) | |
| COVID-19 susceptibility due to underlying health issues | 0.03 | |||
| Yes | 204 (43) | 275 (57) | 479 (47) | |
| No | 263 (49) | 270 (51) | 533 (53) | |
| Gardening | 0.06 | |||
| Yes | 452 (46) | 538 (54) | 990 (98) | |
| No | 15 (65) | 8 (35) | 23 (2) | |
| Gardening experience | <0.001 | |||
| 0–3 months | 35 (67) | 17 (33) | 52 (5) | <0.001 |
| 4–12 months | 26 (59) | 18 (41) | 44 (4) | 0.01 |
| 13 months–5 years | 80 (60) | 54 (40) | 134 (14) | <0.001 |
| 6–10 years | 53 (48) | 58 (52) | 111 (11) | 0.1 |
| 11–15 years | 22 (42) | 30 (58) | 52 (5) | 0.69 |
| 15+ years | 235 (40) | 360 (61) | 595 (60) | Reference |
| Time spent gardening | 0.04 | |||
| None | 17 (63) | 10 (37) | 27 (3) | 0.03 |
| Less than 1 hour | 9 (45) | 11 (55) | 20 (2) | 0.75 |
| 1–2 h | 64 (57) | 49 (43) | 113 (11) | 0.003 |
| 3–8 h | 173 (48) | 187 (52) | 360 (36) | 0.06 |
| More than 8 h | 204 (41) | 288 (59) | 492 (49) | Reference |
| Motivation to garden c | ||||
| Grow my own food | 290 (44) | 362 (56) | 652 (66) | 0.2 |
| Exercise | 145 (39) | 227 (61) | 372 (38) | <0.001 |
| Stress reduction | 258 (46) | 305 (54) | 563 (57) | 0.8 |
| Landscaping | 269 (44) | 346 (56) | 615 (62) | 0.06 |
| Family members | 238 (46) | 276 (54) | 514 (52) | 0.9 |
| Other | 89 (50) | 88 (50) | 177 (18) | 0.2 |
| Increased time spent gardening due to COVID-19 | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 384 (48) | 421 (52) | 805 (82) | |
| No | 67 (37) | 112 (63) | 179 (18) | |
| Gardening practices changed due to COVID-19 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 305 (54) | 265 (46) | 570 (58) | |
| No | 147 (35) | 270 (65) | 417 (42) | |
| Time spent outdoors per weekday | <0.001 | |||
| None | 2 (67) | 1 (33) | 3 (3) | 0.51 |
| Less than 1 h | 72 (71) | 30 (29) | 102 (10) | <0.001 |
| 1–2 h | 184 (48) | 200 (52) | 384 (38) | Reference |
| 3–8 h | 149 (42) | 206 (58) | 355 (35) | 0.11 |
| More than 8 h | 59 (36) | 106 (64) | 165 (16) | 0.009 |
| Time spent outdoors per weekend | 0.9 | |||
| None | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 2 (0.1) | 1 d |
| Less than 1 hour | 15 (52) | 14 (48) | 29 (3) | 0.45 |
| 1–2 h | 95 (48) | 105 (53) | 200 (20) | 0.48 |
| 3–8 h | 236 (45) | 293 (55) | 529 (52) | Reference |
| More than 8 h | 120 (48) | 132 (52) | 252 (25) | 0.43 |
| Bicycling for fun, exercise, or commuting in the past 2 weeks | 0.4 | |||
| Yes | 144 (44) | 182 (56) | 326 (32) | |
| No | 323 (47) | 363 (53) | 686 (68) | |
| Picnicking in the past 2 weeks | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 116 (59) | 79 (41) | 195 (19) | |
| No | 351 (43) | 466 (57) | 817 (81) | |
| Outdoor walking, hiking, backpacking, or camping in the past 2 weeks | 0.4 | |||
| Yes | 347 (47) | 393 (53) | 740 (73) | |
| No | 119 (44) | 152 (56) | 271 (27) | |
| Outdoor nature viewing, photography, or identification of animal wildlife in the past 2 weeks | 0.9 | |||
| Yes | 309 (46) | 358 (54) | 667 (66) | |
| No | 158 (46) | 187 (54) | 345 (34) | |
| Outdoor nature viewing, photography, or identification of vegetation in the past 2 weeks | 0.5 | |||
| Yes | 323 (47) | 366 (53) | 689 (68) | |
| No | 144 (44) | 180 (56) | 324 (32) | |
| Water sports in the past 2 weeks | 0.3 | |||
| Yes | 55 (42) | 77 (58) | 132 (13) | |
| No | 411 (47) | 468 (53) | 879 (87) | |
| Total | 467 (46) | 546 (54) | 1013 | |
a The p-values represent differences between participants with and without anxiety symptoms. b The reference group is the group against which the other subcategories were compared to determine if there were significant differences in anxiety between subcategories. c Participants could choose multiple responses to the survey question about motivation to garden. d This p-value was calculated using Fisher’s exact test.