Table 3.
Logistic regression models predicting anxiety using demographic characteristics, COVID-19 experiences, gardening, and outdoor activities.
| Characteristic | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio a (95% CI) | p-Value for Adjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (ref = 18–29) | |||
| 30–49 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.47) | 0.87 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.73 |
| 50–69 | 0.3 (0.16, 0.54) | 0.34 (0.15, 0.77) | 0.01 |
| 70–89 | 0.16 (0.08, 0.29) | 0.21 (0.08, 0.53) | 0.001 |
| I prefer not to answer | 0.12 (0.04, 0.42) | 0.28 (0.04, 1.85) | 0.18 |
| Sex (ref = Female) | |||
| Male | 0.53 (0.35, 0.79) | 0.59 (0.35, 0.99) | 0.05 |
| I prefer not to answer | 0.46 (0.18, 1.21) | 0.53 (0.11, 2.64) | 0.44 |
| Other | 3.22 (0.33, 31.07) | 0.22 (0.01, 8.10) | 0.41 |
| Race (ref = White) | |||
| Asian | 1.39 (0.61, 3.13) | 1.06 (0.36, 3.11) | 0.91 |
| Black/African American | 0.98 (0.42, 2.29) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.26) | 0.12 |
| I prefer not to answer | 0.75 (0.49, 1.17) | 0.65 (0.23, 1.83) | 0.41 |
| Other | 1.83 (0.96, 3.48) | 1.27 (0.52, 3.07) | 0.60 |
| Ethnicity (ref = not Hispanic or Latino) | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 0.74 (0.34, 1.59) | 0.53 (0.20, 1.45) | 0.22 |
| I prefer not to answer | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 1.87 (0.72, 4.86) | 0.20 |
| Education (ref = High-school graduate/GED) | |||
| Some college or associate degree | 0.61 (0.26, 1.42) | 0.76 (0.26, 2.19) | 0.61 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.86 (0.38, 1.94) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.11) | 0.59 |
| Graduate or professional degree | 0.83 (0.37, 1.86) | 0.81 (0.29, 2.27) | 0.69 |
| I prefer not to answer | 0.09 (0.01, 0.83) | 0.10 (0.01, 1.34) | 0.20 |
| State (ref = Maryland) | |||
| South Carolina | 0.42 (0.28, 0.61) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) | 0.17 |
| Texas | 0.35 (0.24, 0.52) | 0.49 (0.31, 0.8) | 0.004 |
| Other | 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) | 0.89 (0.58, 1.38) | 0.61 |
| Time gardening (ref = none) | |||
| Less than 1 h | 0.82 (0.10, 7.02) | 0.86 (0.05, 16.48) | 0.92 |
| 1–2 h | 1.31 (0.18, 9.60) | 2.12 (0.13, 33.83) | 0.60 |
| 3–8 h | 0.93 (0.13, 6.64) | 2.33 (0.15, 36.41) | 0.55 |
| More than 8 h | 0.71 (0.10, 5.07) | 1.96 (0.12, 30.70) | 0.63 |
| How long have you been gardening? (ref = 15+ years) | |||
| 0–3 months | 3.15 (1.73, 5.76) | 1.18 (0.51, 2.76) | 0.70 |
| 4–12 months | 2.21 (1.19, 4.13) | 0.77 (0.33, 1.80) | 0.55 |
| 13 months–5 years | 2.27 (1.55, 3.33) | 1.11 (0.64, 1.92) | 0.72 |
| 6–10 years | 1.40 (0.93, 2.10) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.38) | 0.39 |
| 11–15 years | 1.12 (0.63, 2.00) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.39) | 0.30 |
| Motivation to start gardening (ref = not selected) b | |||
| Grow my own food | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Exercise | 0.69 (0.51, 0.93) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.50) | 0.87 |
| Stress reduction | 1.75 (1.32, 2.32) | 1.37 (0.97, 1.95) | 0.08 |
| Landscaping | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Family members (parents, grandparents, etc.) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | 1.30 (0.93, 1.80) | 0.12 |
| Outdoor activities (ref = no) | |||
| Have you done any type of bicycling for fun, exercise, or commuting over the last 2 weeks? | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.09) | 0.14 |
| Did you go picnicking over the last 2 weeks? | 1.95 (1.42, 2.68) | 1.79 (1.19, 2.71) | 0.01 |
| Have you done any type of outdoor walking, hiking, backpacking, or camping over the last 2 weeks? | 1.13 (0.85, 1.49) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) | 0.15 |
| Have you done any outdoor nature viewing, photography, or identification of animal wildlife over the last 2 weeks? | 1.02 (0.79, 1.33) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) | 0.61 |
| Have you done any outdoor nature viewing, photography, or identification of vegetation over the last 2 weeks? | 1.10 (0.85, 1.44) | 1.42 (0.93, 2.15) | 0.10 |
| Have you done any motor boating, water skiing, jet skiing, canoeing, kayaking, rafting, tubing, surfing, sailboarding, or any form of boating over the last 2 weeks? | 0.81 (0.56, 1.18) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) | 0.31 |
| Have you done any other nature-related activities over the last 2 weeks? | 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.12) | 0.20 |
| Time Outside: Weekdays (ref = none) | |||
| Less than 1 h | 1.20 (0.11, 13.73) | 1.16 (0.03, 43.47) | 0.94 |
| 1–2 h | 0.46 (0.04, 5.12) | 0.47 (0.01, 16.95) | 0.68 |
| 3–8 h | 0.36 (0.03, 4.03) | 0.52 (0.01, 19.03) | 0.72 |
| More than 8 h | 0.28 (0.03, 3.14) | 0.42 (0.01, 15.51) | 0.63 |
| Time Outside Weekend (ref = none) c | |||
| Less than 1 h | 1.07 (0.06, 18.82) | ||
| 1–2 h | 0.91 (0.06, 14.67) | ||
| 3–8 h | 0.81 (0.05, 12.95) | ||
| More than 8 h | 0.91 (0.06, 14.70) | ||
| This time last year, how much time did you spend outdoors per weekday (ref = none) | |||
| Less than 1 h | 0.64 (0.25, 1.61) | 1.14 (0.35, 3.74) | 0.83 |
| 1–2 h | 0.39 (0.15, 0.96) | 1.12 (0.33, 3.72) | 0.86 |
| 3–8 h | 0.28 (0.11, 0.71) | 1.16 (0.33, 4.06) | 0.82 |
| More than 8 h | 0.19 (0.07, 0.50) | 1.02 (0.26, 3.92) | 0.98 |
| COVID (ref = no) | |||
| Experienced COVID symptoms yourself | 1.60 (0.99, 2.60) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.49) | 0.53 |
| Family member experienced COVID symptoms | 1.64 (1.11, 2.45) | 1.42 (0.82, 2.48) | 0.21 |
| COVID susceptibility | 0.76, (0.59, 0.98) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) | 0.53 |
| Have you spent more time in your home garden since the shelter-in-place orders? | 1.53 (1.10, 2.13) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.49) | 0.85 |
| Have your gardening practices changed since the COVID-19 pandemic began? | 2.11 (1.63, 2.74) | 1.73 (1.23, 2.43) | 0.002 |
a This model was adjusted for all covariates in the above table (age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, state of residence, time spent gardening, length of time gardening, motivation to start gardening, outdoor activities, time outdoors on weekdays, change in time gardening, and experience with COVID). b One logistic regression was used that included all options, since participants could select more than one response for these questions. c Time spent outdoors on weekends was not included in the model because of the high correlation with time spent outdoor on weekdays.