Figure 6.

Stomach toxicity of SPc-loaded AVM against green peach aphids through root application. The roots of radish seedlings infested with aphids (about 30 aphids per plant) were immersed in the formulations of AVM and AVM/SPc complex at the mass ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:9 (AVM concentration: 20 mg/L). The highest concentration of SPc and ddH₂O were used as controls. The red circles indicate the dead aphids. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey HSD test, p < 0.05).