Figure 7.
Contact toxicity of SPc-loaded AVM against green peach aphids through immersion method. The tobacco leaves infested with aphids (about 30 aphids per treatment) were immersed in AVM solution and AVM/SPc complex solution at the mass ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:9 (AVM concentration: 0.2 mg/L) for 5 s. The highest concentration of SPc and ddH2O were used as controls. The red circles indicate the dead aphids. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey HSD test, p < 0.05).