Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients with and without acute venous thromboembolism
| Variable | No VTE | Acute VTE | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 1447 (49.8) | 118 (50.0) | 1 | |
| Female | 1460 (50.2) | 118 (50.0) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | American Indian or Alaskan Native | 6 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.119 | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 52 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Black | 995 (34.2) | 93 (39.4) | |||
| White | 1645 (56.6) | 131 (55.5) | |||
| Hispanic | 50 (1.7) | 1 (0.4) | |||
| Others | 86 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | |||
| Unknown | 72 (2.5) | 7 (3.0) | |||
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 66.2 (16.4) | 68.0 (16.7) | 0.125 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 18.5 | 52 (1.9) | 7 (3.3) | 0.329 | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 487 (17.7) | 44 (20.8) | |||
| 25–29 | 828 (30.2) | 60 (28.3) | |||
| > 30 | 1378 (50.2) | 101 (47.6) | |||
| Hospital LOS (days) | Mean (SD) | 8.8 (6.4) | 12.2 (9.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Total ICU (days) | Mean (SD) | 1.9 (5.0) | 3.8 (8.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) | Mean (SD) | 1.1 (3.9) | 2.4 (6.9) | 0.005 | |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 420 (14.4) | 37 (15.7) | 0.675 | ||
| Oxygen device | None | 2241 (77.4) | 153 (64.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Nasal cannula/non-rebreather mask | 574 (19.8) | 60 (25.4) | |||
| Ventilator | 43 (1.5) | 11 (4.7) | |||
| Other | 29 (1.0) | 5 (2.1) | |||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 7 (0.2) | 7 (3.0) | |||
| Vitals on presentation | Oxygen saturation (%) | Mean (SD) | 94.0 (6.2) | 93.4 (7.2) | 0.258 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 94.3 (19.7) | 100.7 (20.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| Respiratory rate (breaths/minute) | 20.9 (6.4) | 21.3 (6.0) | 0.283 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.7 (15.6) | 74.6 (16.5) | 0.897 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.1 (24.9) | 130.9 (25.6) | 0.074 | ||
| Labs on presentation | White blood cell count (K/uL) | 7.5 (4.5) | 9.4 (6.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Lymphocytes (K/uL) | 1.6 (1) | 1.4 (0.9) | 0.007 | ||
| Neutrophils (K/uL) | 6.7 (2.5) | 6.6 (2.8) | 0.645 | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.8 (2.2) | 7.4 (2.2) | 0.281 | ||
| B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 167.2 (338.2) | 189.5 (311.9) | 0.387 | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 9.2 (7.6) | 11.6 (8.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 1.8 (2.3) | 4.6 (5.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 753.3 (1673.9) | 725.7 (978.0) | 0.716 | ||
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 570.5 (168.3) | 554.0 (207.1) | 0.573 | ||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 76.3 (127.4) | 136.5 (159.8) | 0.094 | ||
| )Hemoglobin (gm/dL) | 10.9 (2.9) | 12.4 (5.1) | 0.754 | ||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.3) | 0.384 | ||
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 322.9 (340.8) | 370.1 (367.3) | 0.079 | ||
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 53.1 (205.8) | 64.5 (204.0) | 0.436 | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 59.9 (216.8) | 100.3 (564.9) | 0.298 | ||
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 2.1 (8.7) | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.008 | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 26.0 (21.3) | 30.3 (26.0) | 0.018 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.9) | 0.711 | ||
| Potassium (meq/L) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.8) | 0.034 | ||
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.6) | 1.0 (2.6) | 0.227 | ||
| Platelet count (K/uL) | 218.1 (95.3) | 258.7 (144.2) | < 0.001 | ||
| Social history | Smoker | 216 (7.4) | 19 (8.1) | 0.826 | |
| Alcohol Use | 45 (1.5) | 7 (3.0) | 0.168 | ||
| Marijuana Use | 18 (0.6) | 3 (1.3) | 0.443 | ||
| In-hospital medications | Inpatient anticoagulation therapeutic dose | 302 (11.5) | 101 (46.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Inpatient anticoagulation prophylactic dose | 2446 (92.8) | 162 (74.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Home medications | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 29 (10.9) | 5 (18.5) | 0.384 | |
| Azithromycin | 21 (7.9) | 4 (14.8) | 0.383 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4 (1.5) | 1 (3.7) | 0.949 | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 66 (24.7) | 9 (33.3) | 0.455 | ||
| Angiotensin—ll receptor blockers | 42 (15.7) | 5 (18.5) | 0.919 | ||
| Beta blockers | 91 (34.1) | 7 (25.9) | 0.52 | ||
| Diuretics | 85 (31.8) | 9 (33.3) | 1 | ||
| Statins | 115 (43.1) | 8 (29.6) | 0.252 | ||
| Warfarin | 12 (4.5) | 2 (7.4) | 0.839 | ||
| Aspirin | 88 (33.0) | 5 (18.5) | 0.187 | ||
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 10 (3.7) | 2 (7.4) | 0.685 | ||
| Direct-acting oral anticoagulants | 17 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.359 | ||
| Other anticoagulants | 7 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.85 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 26 (9.7) | 4 (14.8) | 0.619 | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors | 70 (26.2) | 10 (37.0) | 0.329 | ||
| Oxygen requirement prior to admission | Yes | 18 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.319 | |
| Unknown | 5 (1.9) | 1 (3.7) | |||
| Lab values (Maximum and Minimum) | White blood cell count Max | Mean (SD) | 8.8 (5.3) | 10.4 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes Min | 12.3 (7.6) | 11.0 (7.5) | 0.013 | ||
| Neutrophils Max | 84.0 (10.6) | 86.0 (10.5) | 0.007 | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c Min | 7.8 (2.2) | 7.4 (2.2) | 0.291 | ||
| B-type natriuretic peptide Max | 168.8 (333.9) | 197.0 (318.8) | 0.283 | ||
| C-reactive protein Max | 7.6 (5.8) | 9.8 (8.1) | < 0.001 | ||
| D-dimer Max | 2.3 (2.5) | 4.7 (3.8) | < 0.001 | ||
| Ferritin Max | 871.4 (2476.0) | 773.6 (1094.9) | 0.284 | ||
| Fibrinogen Max | 594.3 (168.9) | 571.8 (196.6) | 0.423 | ||
| Interleukin-6 Max | 79.3 (137.6) | 138.3 (160.5) | 0.104 | ||
| Hemoglobin Min | 10.0 (2.4) | 10.6 (0.5) | 0.445 | ||
| Lactate Max | 2.0 (1.5) | 2.4 (2.7) | 0.165 | ||
| Lactate dehydrogenase Max | 380.0 (369.0) | 438.1 (378.4) | 0.036 | ||
ICU intensive care unit, Max maximum, Min minimum, LOS length of stay, SD standard deviation, VTE venous thromboembolism