Table 2.
Current COVID-19 vaccines
| No. | Platform/vaccine type | Vaccine name | Manufacturer | Dosage | Schedule | Mode | Storage and temperature status | Targeted SARS-CoV-2 protein | Efficacy | Side effects | Current approvals | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | RNA vaccine | BNT162b2 (Comimaty) | Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma | Two doses (30 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of −70 °C | Full-length S protein with proline substitutions | 52.4% after one dose and 94.6% ≥ 7 days after two doses in adults | Fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, and chills were reported 1–2 days after vaccination | FDA, EUA, WHO, EUL, approved in 93 countries, CARPHA, EU recommendation, EMA approved | [165–168] |
| 2 | RNA vaccine | mRNA-1273 | Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | Two doses (100 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Between −25 °C and −15 °C. Upon defrosting, kept at 2–8 °C for 30 min to 2 h, and also can be stored for up to 30 days prior to being punctured | Full-length S protein with proline substitutions | 2.1% against symptomatic disease ≥ 14 days after one dose, 94.1% ≥ 14 days after two doses, and 100% against severe disease | Tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea | FDA, EUA, WHO, EUL, approved in 57 countries , EMA approved | [85, 165, 167, 168] |
| 3 | RNA vaccine | CVnCoV (CureVac) | CureVac AG | Two doses (12 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At least 3 months at temperature of +5 °C | LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding the full-length, prefusion stabilized S protein | 47% against symptomatic disease across all age groups and 15 variants, 53% against any disease severity, 77% against moderate and severe disease | Tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever | WHO, EUL (pending approval), not yet approved in any country | [85, 169] |
| 4 | RNA vaccine | ARCoV or ARCoVax | Academy of Military Science (AMS), Walvax Biotechnology, and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences | One dose (15 µg) | Day 0 | IM | Not reported | LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding the RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [170] |
| 5 | RNA vaccine | mRNA-1273.211 | ModernaTX, Inc | One dose (50 µ) | Day 0 | IM | Not reported | A multivalent booster candidate combining mRNA 1273 + mRNA 1273.351 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [171] |
| 6 | RNA vaccine | mRNA-1273.351 | Moderna + NIAID | One or two doses (20 or 50 µg) | Day 0, or day 0 + 28, or day 56 after second dose of mRNA1273 | IM | At room temperature | Full-length prefusion stabilized S protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [171, 172] |
| 7 | RNA vaccine | ARCT-021 | Arcturus Therapeutics | One or two doses ± booster dose (5 or 7.5 µg) | Day 0, or day 0 + 28, or day 0 + 28 ± 208 booster | IM | At room temperature | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [173, 174] |
| 8 | RNA vaccine | MRT5500 | Sanofi Pasteur + Translate Bio | Two doses (15, 45, or 135 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of −20 °C | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [175] |
| 9 | RNA vaccine | DS-5670a | Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd | Two doses (10, 30, 60, or 100 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [173] |
| 10 | RNA vaccine | EXG-5003 | Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc | One dose | Day 0 | ID | Temperature sensitive | Temperature-sensitive ssRNA vaccine expressing the RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [176] |
| 11 | RNA vaccine | LNP nCoVsaRNA (COVAC1) | Imperial College London | Two doses | ND | IM | Not reported | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [177] |
| 12 | RNA vaccine | ChulaCov19 mRNA vaccine | Chulalongkorn University | Two doses (10, 25, 50, or 100 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At 2–8 °C for 3 months and room temperature (25 °C) for 2 weeks | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [178, 179] |
| 13 | RNA vaccine | PTX-COVID19-B | Providence Therapeutics | Two doses (16, 40, or 100 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | Full-length membrane-anchored S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [180, 181] |
| 14 | RNA vaccine | CoV2 SAM (LNP) | GSK | Two doses (1.0 µg) | Day 0 + 30 | IM | At temperature of 5 °C for at least 3 months | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [182] NCT04758962 |
| 15 | RNA vaccine | HDT-301 | SENAI CIMATEC | Two doses (1, 5, or 25 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature for at least 1 week | Full-length S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [183] |
| 16 | RNA vaccine | mRNA-1283 | ModernaTX, Inc | One or two doses (10, 30, or 100 µg) | Day 0 or day 0 + 28 | IM | At standard refrigerator temperature | RBD and NTD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [184, 185] |
| 17 | RNA vaccine | SW-0123 | Shanghai East Hospital + Stemirna Therapeutics | Two doses | NR | IM | At temperature of under 4 °C | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [184, 186] |
| 18 | RNA vaccine | LNPnCOV saRNA-02 (COVAC Uganda) | MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit | Two doses (5.0 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04934111 |
| 19 | DNA vaccine | nCov vaccine (ZyCoVD) | Zydus Cadila | Three doses (1 or 2 mg) | Day 0 + 28 + 56 | ID | At 2–8 °C, shown good stability at temperature of 25 °C for at least 3 months | S protein | In clinical trials in India, the efficacy is 66.6% | Fever, pain, feeling of illness | Not yet approved in any country | [187-189] |
| 20 | DNA vaccine | INO-4800 + electroporation | Inovio Pharmaceuticals + International Vaccine Institute + Advaccine Biopharmaceutica Co., Ltd | Two doses (1 mg) | Day 0 + 28 | ID | At room temperature | S1 and S2 subunits of SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [190] |
| 21 | DNA vaccine | AG0301 | AnGes + Takara Bio + Osaka University | Two doses (2 mg) | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Not reported | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [191] |
| 22 | DNA vaccine | GX-19 | Genexine Consortium | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [192, 193] |
| 23 | DNA vaccine | Covigenix VAX 001 | Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc | Two doses | Day 0 + 14 | IM | At room temperature for a month and 4–8 °C for 1 year | Full-length S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04591184 |
| 24 | DNA vaccine | GLS-5310 | GeneOne Life Science, Inc | Two doses (0.6 or 1.2 mg) | Day 0 + 56 or day 0 + 84 | ID | At temperature of 2–8 °C | S protein and a second antigenic target of SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04673149 |
| 25 | DNA vaccine | COVIDeVax | Takis + Rottapharm Biotech | Two doses (0.5, 1, or 2 mg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature | RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [194] |
| 26 | DNA vaccine | CORVax | Providence Health and Services | Two doses | Day 0 + 14 | ID | Not reported | S protein +/− the combination of electroporated IL-12p70 plasmid | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195, 196] |
| 27 | DNA vaccine | bacTRL | Symvivo Corporation | One or two doses | Day 0 or day 0 + 28 | Oral | At room temperature | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [197, 198] |
| 28 | DNA vaccine | COVIGEN (COV-ALIA) | University of Sydney, Bionet Co., Ltd | Two doses (0.8, 2, or 4 mg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM or ID | At room temperature | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199] |
| 29 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | ChAdOx1 AZD1222 | AstraZeneca + University of Oxford | Two doses (standard dose: 5 × 1010 viral particles, low dose: 2.2 × 1010 viral particles) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature up to 25 °C during use for 6 hours; at temperature of 2-8 ºC up to 48 hours during use | Chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1) expressing S protein | 66.7–70.4% overall efficacy ≥ 14 days after two doses, 62.1% after two standard doses 76.0% after single low dose within 20–90 days, 90.0% after one low dose and one standard dose | Cerebral venous thrombosis roughly 28 days after taking the first dose was reported rarely. Chills, fatigue, headache, fever, nausea, muscle aches, malaise, and painful injection site | WHO, EUL, approved in 118 countries, endorsed by ART, CARPHA, EU recommendation, EMA approved | [200, 201] |
| 30 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | Convidicea (Ad5nCoV) | CanSino Biological Inc. + Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | One dose (5 × 1010 viral particles per dose) | Day 0 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant replication-defective human type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) expressing S protein | 68.8% and 65.7% against symptomatic disease ≥ 14 days and ≥ 28 days after vaccination, respectively. 95.5% and 91.0% against severe disease ≥ 14 days and ≥ 28 days after vaccination, respectively | Fatigue, pain at vaccination site, muscle pain, and headache | WHO, EUL (approval pending), approved in eight countries | [202, 203] |
| 31 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | Ad26.COV2.S | Janssen Pharmaceutical | One dose (5 × 1010 viral particles per dose) | Day 0 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding full-length and stabilized S protein | 66.3–76.3% and 65.5–83.5% against moderate to severe/critical disease ≥ 14 days and ≥ 28 days after vaccination, respectively | Pain, redness, or swelling at injection site. Tiredness, headache, fever, muscle pain, or nausea may also occur | FDA, EUA, WHO, EUL, approved in 55 countries, endorsed by ART, EMA approved | [204–206] |
| 32 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | GamCOVID- Vac (Sputnik V) | Gamaleya Research Institute + Health Ministry of the Russian Federation | Two doses (1 × 1011 viral particles per dose) | Day 0 + 21 (first: rAd26-S; second: rAd5-S) | IM | At normal fridge temperatures | Recombinant Ad26 and recombinant Ad5 encoding full-length S protein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S) | 91.6% overall efficacy against symptomatic disease, 100% against moderate–severe disease, 73.1% after one dose, 91.1% after two doses | Flu-like illness, headache, fatigue, and injection-site reactions | WHO, EUL (approval pending), approved in 69 countries | [207–209] |
| 33 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | GRAdCOV2 | ReiThera + Leukocare + Univercells | One or two doses (1 × 1011 viral particles per dose) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Replication-defective simian adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [210] |
| 34 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | LV-SMENP-DC | Shenzhen Geno Immune Medical Institute | One dose (5 × 106 cells of LV-DC vaccine and 1 × 108 antigens specific CTLs) | Day 0 | SC, IV | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Modified dendritic cells (DC) with lentivirus vectors (LV) expressing minigenes SMENP and immune modulatory genes. Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) are activated by LV-DC, presenting specific viral antigens | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [211–213] |
| 35 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | hAd5-SFusion + N-ETSD vaccine | ImmunityBio, Inc. + NantKwest, Inc | One dose (5 × 1010 IU/dose SC, 1 × 1010 IU/dose SL) | Day 0 | SC, Oral, SL | At room temperature | Human second-generation adenovirus 5 (hAd5) encoding S and N antigens | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [214–216] |
| 36 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | AdCLDCoV19 | Cellid Co., Ltd | One dose (2.5 × 1010, 5 × 1010, or 1 × 1011 virus particles per dose) | Day 0 | IM | Not reported | Replication-defective human adenovirus type 5/35 vector expressing S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195, 217] |
| 37 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | COVIVAC | Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals, Vietnam | Two doses (1 × 107 IU, 5 × 107 IU, or 1 × 108 IU per dose) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | NDV expressing membrane-anchored prefusion-stabilized trimeric S protein +/− CpG 1018 adjuvant | Well above 80% against COVID-19 infection | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [112, 138] |
| 38 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | MVA-SARS-2ST |
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf + German Center for Infection Research |
Two doses (1 × 107 IU, or 1 × 108 IU per dose) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | MVA vector expressing stabilized S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [218] |
| 39 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | MVA-SARS-2-S | University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians) | Two doses (1 × 107 IU, or 1 × 108 IU per dose) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | MVA vector expressing S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [219, 220] |
| 40 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | VXA-CoV2-1 | Vaxart | One or two doses (1 × 1010 IU, or 1 × 1011 IU per dose) | Day 0 or Day 0 + 28 | Oral | At room temperature | Nonreplicating adenovirus vector expressing viral antigens and dsRNA adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195, 212] |
| 41 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | AdCOVID | Altimmune, Inc | One or two doses | Day 0 + NR | IN | At room temperature for over several months | Adenovirus expressing the RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [221] |
| 42 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | COH04S1 (MVA-SARS-2-S) | City of Hope Medical Center + National Cancer Institute | Two doses (1 × 107, 1 × 108, or 2.5 × 108 PFU per dose) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | Synthetic MVA carrying small pieces of SARS-CoV-2 DNA (the chemical form of genes) | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [222] |
| 43 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) |
ChAdV68- S ChAdV68S-TCE |
Gritstone Oncology | Two or three doses (5 × 1010 or 1 × 1011 viral particles of ChAdV68 S, 10 µg or 30 µg SEM) | Day 0 + 28, or day 0 + 56, or day 0 + 112, or day 0 + 56 + 112 | IM | Not reported | Chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 68 (ChAd) and self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vectors expressing either S protein alone, or S protein with additional T-cell epitopes (TCE) | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04776317 |
| 44 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | SC-Ad6-1 | Tetherex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | One or two doses | Day 0 or day 0 + 21 | IM | At room temperature | Adenovirus vector vaccine | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [223] |
| 45 | Viral vector (nonreplicating) | BBV154 | Bharat Biotech International Limited | One or two doses (1 × 1010 viral particles per dose) | Day 0 or day 0 + 28 | IN | Not reported | S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [221] |
| 46 | Viral vector (replicating) | DelNS12019nCoVRBDOPT1 | University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University + Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy | Two doses (1 × 107 EID50 and 1 × 107.7 EID50) | Day 0 + 28 | IN | Not reported | Genetically engineered live attenuated influenza virus vector expressing the RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [224] |
| 47 | Viral vector (replicating) | rVSV SARSCo-2-S | Institute for Biological Research | Two doses (1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, or 1 × 108 PFU/ml) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | cDNA vector encoding the sequence of the N, P, M, and L genes of the VSV genome, and SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [225] |
| 48 | Viral vector (replicating) | AV-COVID-19 | Aivita Biomedical, Inc. + National Institute of Health Research and Development + Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia | One dose (0.1, 0.33, or 1.0 mg) | Day 0 | IM | At room temperature | Autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from SARS-CoV-2 +/− GM-CSF | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [225] |
| 49 | Viral vector (replicating) | aAPC Covid19 | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Three doses | Day 0 + 14 + 28 | SC | Not reported | Lentivirus vector system expressing viral minigenes to the artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [226–228] |
| 50 | Live-attenuated virus | COVIVAC | Codagenix, In. + Serum Institute of India | One or two doses | Day 0 or day 0 + 28 | IN | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole SARS-CoV-2 with all viral proteins | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [132] |
| 51 | Live-attenuated virus | MV-014212 | Meissa Vaccines, Inc | One dose | Day 0 | IN | At room temperature | RSV expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [229] |
| 52 | Protein subunit | NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax | Two doses (5 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | S protein with Matrix-M adjuvant | 89.7% against symptomatic disease ≥ 7 days after two doses. 100% against mild and severe disease | Injection-site pain and tenderness, as well as fatigue, headache, and muscle pain | WHO, EUL (approval pending), not yet approved in any country | [230, 231] |
| 53 | Protein subunit | ZF2001 | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Three doses (25 µg) | Day 0 + 30 + 93 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | RBD-dimer with alum adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | China (EUA), Uzbekistan | [232, 233] |
| 54 | Protein subunit | VAT00008 | Sanofi Pasteur + GSK | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Monovalent and bivalent S protein with adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04904549 |
| 55 | Protein subunit | FINLAY-FR-2 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas | Two doses (25 µg) | Day 0 + 28, day 56 (booster dose) | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Chemically conjugated RBD to tetanus toxoid plus adjuvant FINLAY FR-1A: dimeric RBD + alum adjuvant | 62% | Injection-site pain and tenderness, fatigue, and fever | Not yet approved in any country | [140, 234] |
| 56 | Protein subunit | Recombinant SARSCoV-2 vaccine (Sf9 Cell) | West China Hospital + Sichuan University | Three doses | Day 0 + 28 + 42 | IM | Not reported | RBD with alum adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [235] |
| 57 | Protein subunit | EpiVacCorona | Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Peptide antigens of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with alum adjuvant | The third phase of the vaccine’s clinical trials reported 79% | Local pain at injection site after each injection | Russia, Turkmenistan | [150, 236] |
| 58 | Protein subunit | CIGB-66 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | Three doses | Day 0 + 14 + 28 or day 0 + 28 + 56 | IM | At room temperature | RBD with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant | Well above 90% efficacy against severity and death | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [161, 237] |
| 59 | Protein subunit | NanoCovax | Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature | Recombinant S protein with alum adjuvant | Nor reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [238] |
| 60 | Protein subunit | SCB-2019 | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. + GSK + Dynavax | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Stable at temperature of 2–8 °C for at least 6 months, and at room temperature and 40 °C for at least 1 month | Trimeric S protein with CpG 1018 and alum adjuvants | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [239, 240] |
| 61 | Protein subunit | UB-612 | Vaxxinity, Inc. + Diagnósticos da América S/A(DASA) | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [241, 242] |
| 62 | Protein subunit | FINLAYFR-1 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | RBD with adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [243] |
| 63 | Protein subunit | COVAX-19 | Vaxine Pty Ltd. + CinnaGen Co | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant S protein with Advax-CpG adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [244] |
| 64 | Protein subunit | MVC-COV1901 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics + Dynavax + NIAID | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant S protein with CpG 1018 and alum adjuvants | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [245, 246] |
| 65 | Protein subunit | Razi Cov Pars | Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute | Three doses | Day 0 + 21 (IM) + 51 (IN) | IM and IN | Not reported | Recombinant S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [247] |
| 66 | Protein subunit | V-01 | Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention | Two doses (10 or 25 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [248] |
| 67 | Protein subunit | CIGB-669 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | Three doses (50 µg RBD + 40 µg AgnHB) | Day 0 + 14 + 28 or day 0 + 28 + 56 | IN | At room temperature | Recombinant RBD with AgnHB | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [247, 249] |
| 68 | Protein subunit | KBP-COVID-19 | Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc | Two doses (15 µg in phase I, 45 µg in phase II) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At room temperature | RBD of S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [250] |
| 69 | Protein subunit | BECOV2 | Biological E. Limited | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant RBD | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199] |
| 70 | Protein subunit | S-268019 | Shionogi | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195, 251] |
| 71 | Protein subunit | AKS-452 | University Medical Center Groningen + Akston Biosciences Inc | One or two doses (22.5, 45, or 90 µg) | NR | SC or IM | Stable at room temperatures for at least 6 months | RBD-Fc fusion protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [252] |
| 72 | Protein subunit | COVAC-1 and COVAC-2 | University of Saskatchewan | Two doses (25, 50, or 100 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | S1 protein with SWE adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195] |
| 73 | Protein subunit | GBP510 | SK Bioscience Co., Ltd. And CEPI | Two doses (10 or 25 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant RBD with AS03 aluminum hydroxide adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [253] |
| 74 | Protein subunit | QazCoVacP | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems | One or two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [160, 237] |
| 75 | Protein subunit | EuCorVac19 | POP Biotechnologies and EuBiologics Co., Ltd | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant S protein with an adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199] |
| 76 | Protein subunit | Recombinant (CHO cell) | National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China | Three doses | Day 0 + 30 + 60 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [254] NCT04869592 |
| 77 | Protein subunit | SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp vaccine | University of Queensland + Syneos Health + CEPI | Two doses (5, 15, or 45 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant S protein with MF59 adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [255, 256] |
| 78 | Protein subunit | IMP CoVac-1 | University Hospital Tuebingen | One dose (500 µL) | Day 0 | SC | At room temperature | SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199, 257] NCT04546841 |
| 79 | Protein subunit | AdimrSC-2f | Adimmune Corporation | NR | NR | NR | At room temperature | Recombinant RBD with alum adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [258, 259] |
| 80 | Protein subunit | NBP2001 | SK Bioscience Co., Ltd | Two doses (30 or 50 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Recombinant RBD protein with alum adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199] |
| 81 | Protein subunit | ReCOV | Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology | Two doses (20 or 40 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | Not reported | Recombinant two component S and RBD protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT05084989 |
| 82 | Protein subunit | SpikeFerritin-Nanoparticle (SpFN) | Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) | Two or three doses (25 or 50 µg) | Day 0 + 28 + 180 | IM | At room temperature | S proteins with a liposomal formulation QS21 (ALFQ) adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [260, 261] |
| 83 | Protein subunit | CoVepiT | OSE Immunotherapeutics | One or two doses | Day 0 or Day 0 + 21 | SC | At room temperature | Target 11 viral protein (S, M, N, and several nonstructural proteins) | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04885361 |
| 84 | Protein subunit | CoV2-OGEN1 | VaxForm | One or two doses (50, 100, or 200 µg) | Day 0 or Day 0 + 14 | Oral | At room temperature | Recombinant RBD protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04893512 |
| 85 | Virus-like particle | CoVLP | Medicago Inc | Two doses (3.75 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Trimeric S protein with AS03 adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [262, 263] |
| 86 | Virus-like particle |
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP |
Serum Institute of India + Accelagen Pty + SpyBiotech | Two doses (5 or 25 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | RBD conjugated to hepatitis B surface antigen | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [264, 265] |
| 87 | Virus-like particle | VBI-2902a | VBI Vaccines Inc | Two doses (5 or 10 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C, and at room temperature for 10 min | Enveloped S glycoprotein with aluminum phosphate adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [184, 266] |
| 88 | Virus-like particle | SARSCoV-2 VLP | Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey | Two doses | NR | SC | At temperature of 2–8 °C, and at room temperature for 1 h | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199, 267] | |
| 89 | Virus-like particle | ABNCoV2 | Radboud University | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature | Capsid virus-like particle (cVLP) +/− adjuvant MF59 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [268–270] |
| 90 | Inactivated virus | CoronaVac | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd | Two doses (3 µg) | Day 0 + 14 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant | 83.5% against symptomatic disease ≥ 14 days after two doses | Injection-site pain and fever | Not yet approved in any country | [145, 271, 272] |
| 91 | Inactivated virus | BBIBPCorV | Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co + Beijing Institute of Biological Products | Two doses (4 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At normal fridge temperatures | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | 78.1% against symptomatic disease ≥ 14 days after two doses, and 79% against hospitalization | Dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, allergic dermatitis, and fever | WHO and 83 countries | [118, 273] |
| 92 | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARSCoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group Co + Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Two or three doses (5 µg) | Day 0 + 21 + 42 or 111 or 171 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant | 72.8% against symptomatic disease ≥ 14 days after two doses, and 79% against hospitalization | Injection-site pain and fever | WHO and 31 countries | [274, 275] |
| 93 | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARSCoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) | Institute of Medical Biology + Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Two doses (50, 100, or 150 EU) | Day 0 + 14 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with Al(OH)3 adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT05164731 |
| 94 | Inactivated virus | QazCovidin | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Clinical trials in Kazakhstan showed efficacy of 96% | No serious or severe adverse events were recorded | Republic of Kazakhstan | [276, 277] |
| 95 | Inactivated virus | BBV152 (COVAXIN) | Bharat Biotech International Limited | Two doses (3 or 6 µg) | Day 0 + 14 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C, unpunctuated vials can be stored at 9–25 °C for up to 12 h | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with Algel-IMDG adjuvant | 77.8% against symptomatic disease, 93.4% against severe disease, 63.6% against asymptomatic disease | Cough, fever or chills, shortness of breath, tiredness, nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, muscle or body pain, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, diarrhea, and nausea or vomiting | WHO EUL (approval pending), approved in nine countries | [278–281] |
| 96 | Inactivated virus | Inactivated SARSCoV-2 (Vero cell) | Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | China | [140] NCT04852705 |
| 97 | Inactivated virus | VLA2001 | Valneva, National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with high S protein density, in combination with two adjuvants, alum and CpG 1018 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [282, 283] |
| 98 | Inactivated virus | ERUCOV-VAC (TURKO-VAC) | Erciyes University + Health Institutes of Turkey | Two doses (3 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C and at room temperature for up to 24 h | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [195, 284] |
| 99 | Inactivated virus | COVIran Barekat | Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co | Two doses (5 µg) | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At temperature of 2–8 °C | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Well above 93% has been reported | Hypotension, headache, and diminution of platelets were typical adverse events reported | Iran | [163, 164, 277, 285, 286] |
| 100 | Inactivated virus | FAKHRAVAC (MIVAC) | Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research | Two doses (10 µg) | Day 0 + 14 | IM | Not reported | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [287, 288] |
| 101 | Inactivated virus | Inactivated (NDV-based) chimeric vaccine | Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) + PATH + Dynavax | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | At room temperature | Whole inactivated NDV chimera stably expressing membrane anchored SARS-CoV-2 S protein +/− CpG 1018 adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [199, 289] |
| 102 | Inactivated virus | KD-414 | KM Biologics Co., Ltd | Two doses | Day 0 + 28 | IM | Not reported | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [290] jRCT2071210081 |
| 103 | Inactivated virus | Koçak-19 | Kocak Farma, Turkey | Two doses (4 or 6 µg) | Day 0 + 21 | IM | At room temperature | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04838080 |
| 104 | Inactivated virus | Adjuvanted inactivated vaccine | Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) | Two doses (10 µg–3 M or 20 µg–6 M) | Day 0 + 20 | SC | Not reported | Whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with CpG ODN adjuvant | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | [291] |
| 105 | Inactivated virus | Live recombinant (rNDV) vector vaccine | Laboratorio Avi-Mex | Two doses | Day 0 + 21 | IM or IN | Not reported | Live recombinant NDV vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Not reported | Not reported | Not yet approved in any country | NCT04871737 |