Table 2.
| I | Th (TFs), Cytokines: Activators and *-Inhibitors |
Main Cytokines Th |
Other Cells (TFs; Cytokines Production // Reception; *-Inhibitors) |
Major Role in Inflammation | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i1 | Th1 (T-bet, STAT4, STAT1); IL-12, IFN-γ; IL-4 *, IL-10 * | IFN-γ, IL-2, CXCL10, CXCL11 |
M1 (STAT1, NF-κB; TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-23 // IFN-γ, TNF-α; IL-10 *, TGF-β *), CTL, NK, ILC1 (IFN-γ) | Response to intracellular infection, antitumor immunity | Autoimmune processes, allograft rejection |
| i2 |
Th2 1 (GATA3, STAT5, STAT6); IL-4, IL-25, IL-33; IFN-γ *, TGF-β *, IL-12 * |
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, CCL17, CCL22 | M2a (STAT6, STAT1, GATA3; IL-6, IL-10 // IL-4, IL-13, IL-33), Tc2 (IL-5, IL-13), mast cells, basophils, ILC2 (IL-4), epithelial cells, eosinophils | Antimetazoan immunity, chronic inflammation, inflammation in damage-sensitive tissues | Allergic processes, i1 suppression, tissue fibrosis |
| i3 | Th17 (RORγt, RORα, STAT3, STAT5); IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, TGFβ; IL-10* | IL-17A/F, IL-21, IL-22, CCL20, CXCL-1,7,20 |
M2b (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 // IL-17A/F, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-23; IL-10 *), Tc17 (IL-17), neutrophils, ILC3 | Response to extracellular infection | Autoimmune processes, allograft rejection |
| Th22 (RUNX3, AHR, STAT3); IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α | IL-22, CCL-2, 20, CXCL-9, 10, 11, FGF | Epithelial cells, langerhans cells | Protection of the epidermis against extracellular infection | Autoimmune skin processes | |
| i-reg |
Treg (FOXP3, STAT3/5, SMAD2/3, RORγt GATA3,); IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β |
TGFβ, IL-10, CCL4 | M2c (SMAD2, SMAD3, STAT3; IL-10, TGFβ // IL-10, TGF-β), Tr1 (IL-10, IFN-γ), Tc-reg (TGFβ, IL-10), ILC10 (IL-10) | Limiting the expression of i1 and i3, inhibition of the autoimmune process | i1 and i3 immunosup- pression, infections, tumor growth |
Note: *—inhibitors of immune response; TFs—transcription factors (the main TFs are underlined); Th—CD4+ T-helper; CTL—cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or Tc1; NK—natural killer cells; Tc—CD8+ T cells; Treg—CD4+ regulatory T cells; ILC—innate lymphoid cells; Tr1—Type 1 regulatory T cells (CD4+); 1 some authors categorize into i2 also Th9, which are induced by TGF-β and IL-4 from Th2 precursors (the main TF is PU.1), are major producers of IL-9, contribute to anti-tumor immunity (in contrast to Th2), but may also participate in autoimmune processes [164,171].