Table 3.

Evolutionary patterns of inflammation and immunity [331,332].

Immune and Inflammatory Mechanisms	Taxa
	Invertebrates	Bony Fishes	Reptiles	Birds	Mammals
The reaction of phagocytes	Yes 1	yes	yes	yes	yes
PRR in phagocytes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Lymph formation 2	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
The lymph nodes	no	no	no	yes/no	yes
Vessels, hearts	yes/no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Blood microcirculation	No 3	yes	yes	yes	yes
Exudative reactions	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Histamine in mast cells	no	yes/no 4	yes	yes	yes
Anaphylatoxins(C3a, C5a)	no	yes	yes	yes	Yes 5
Kinins	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Kallikrein–kinins	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Hemostasis system	no	yes	yes	yes	Yes 6
Non-nucleated platelets	no	no	no	no	yes
Adaptive immunity	yes/no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Lymphoid system	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Cytokine network	No 7	yes	yes	yes	yes
Main classes Ig	no	IgM	IgM, IgY	IgY, IgM	IgG, IgM
IgE	no	no	no	no	yes
Delayed-type hypersensitivity	no	no	no	yes/no 8	yes
Autoimmune processes	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Para-inflammation	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Classical inflammation	no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Purulent inflammation	no	no	no	no	yes
SIR	yes/no	yes	yes	yes	yes
Systemic inflammation 9	no	no	no	?	yes
NES distress reaction 10	?	?	?	yes	yes

Note: yes—presence of a sign; no—absence of a sign; yes/no—sign detected in individual species; “?”—no reliable data on the phenomenon as a whole, but individual manifestations are possible; PRR—pattern recognition receptors; Ig—immunoglobulin; SIR—systemic inflammatory response; NES—neuroendocrine system; ¹—e.g., parasite encapsulation [310]; ²—separation of lymph and blood; ³—the absence of a system of microcirculatory units; ⁴—in the most evolutionarily developed fish [333]; ⁵—only in mammals, complement anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) are formed in the liquid phase of the blood, for example, under the influence of hemostasis factors (XIIa, plasmin and thrombin) [334]; ⁶—only mammals have an extrinsic pathway for hemostasis activation (associated with the appearance of binding factor XI in them), and there are significantly fewer triggering factors (V, VII, and a soluble form of tissue factor) in plasma in birds than in mammals [335]; ⁷—in some invertebrates, some cytokine-like factors may be detected in hemolymph and other tissues, but there is no developed cytokine network; ⁸—DTH in birds is associated with the presence of high-affinity Fc receptors to IgY (FcυR) on mast cells [336], but DTH is significantly slower in birds than in mammals; ⁹—in this case, systemic inflammation is seen as a general pathological process with a systemic ‘inflammatory microcirculation’ phenomenon, not as a synonym for SIR; ¹⁰—according to the theory of G. Selye [337,338].