Skip to main content
. 2022 Apr 27;14(9):1834. doi: 10.3390/nu14091834

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Energy from carbohydrate or fat oxidation of STD- and CAF-fed rats in the sixth week of the experiment under L12 conditions and in the seventh week of the experiment under L18 and L6 conditions. (A) AUC of energy from carbohydrate oxidation for STD- and CAF-fed rats under the L12 photoperiod. (B) AUC of energy from fat oxidation for STD-fed rats and VH or GSPE administration under the L18 photoperiod. (C) AUC of energy from carbohydrate oxidation for L6 and L18 conditions groups. (D) AUC of energy from fat oxidation for L6 and L18 conditions groups. For L12 conditions, values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 24). Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6). D, diet effect; n.s., no significant differences. *, ** or *** Indicate significant differences by diet effect (p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively), $, $$ or $$$ Indicate significant differences by treatment effect (p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively), # Indicates significant differences by photoperiod effect using 2-way and 3-way ANOVA followed by a LSD post-hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). & Indicates tendency using a LSD post-hoc test (p = 0.1–0.051). + Indicate significant differences using a paired Student´s t-test between Light Phase vs. Dark Phase for each group (p ≤ 0.05, respectively). AUC, Area under curve; STD, Standard diet-fed rats; CAF, Cafeteria diet-fed rats; VH, rats administered vehicle; GSPE, rats administered 25 mg/kg grape seed proanthocyanidin-rich extract; L12, standard photoperiod 12 h light per day; L18, long photoperiod 18 h light per day; L6, short photoperiod 6 h light per day. Grey background, dark phase. slash background, transitions phase.