Table 1.
Effect of an abrupt change in the photoperiod and grape seed proanthocyanidins administration on cumulative food and energy intake over the six weeks under L12 conditions and the seventh week of experiment under L18 and L6 conditions.
| Diet | L12 Cumulative 6 Weeks |
t-Student | Photoperiod | VH 7th Week |
GSPE 7th Week |
ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Intake (g) | STD | 120.21 (±3.41) | p < 0.001 | L6 | 19.69 (±0.97) | 22.61 (±1.44) | D |
| L18 | 19.23 (±0.82) | 20.05 (±0.80) | |||||
| CAF | 321.81 (±6.98) | L6 | 57.99 (±3.79) * | 57.71 (±2.30) * | |||
| L18 | 48.93 (±5.64) * | 51.94 (±4.61) * | |||||
| Energy Intake (Kcal) | STD | 419.70 (±8.25) | p < 0.001 | L6 | 65.76 (±3.24) | 75.51 (±4.81) | D |
| L18 | 64.22 (±2.74) | 66.97 (±2.68) | |||||
| CAF | 1335.17 (±28.45) | L6 | 233.08 (±18.34) * | 233.64 (±10.32) * | |||
| L18 | 192.59 (±31.13) * | 216.21 (±27.48) * | |||||
| Energy intake from Protein (Kcal) | STD | 79.74 (±1.57) | p < 0.001 | L6 | 12.50 (±0.62) | 14.35 (±0.91) & | D |
| L18 | 12.20 (±0.52) | 12.72 (±0.51) | |||||
| CAF | 119.62 (±1.38) | L6 | 16.06 (±0.76) * | 17.27 (±0.43) * | |||
| L18 | 16.52 (±0.65) * | 17.78 (±1.33) * | |||||
| Energy intake from Carbohydrates (Kcal) | STD | 302.19 (±5.94) | p < 0.001 | L6 | 47.35 (±2.33) | 54.36 (±3.46) | D, P |
| L18 | 46.24 (±1.97) | 48.22 (±1.93) | |||||
| CAF | 911.50 (±28.22) | L6 | 179.12 (±15.87) * | 172.16 (±10.30) * | |||
| L18 | 138.59 (±27.29) *,# | 145.83 (±26.77) * | |||||
| Energy intake from Fat (Kcal) | STD | 33.58 (±0.66) | p < 0.001 | L6 | 5.26 (±0.26) | 6.04 (±0.38) | D, T, DxT, DxP |
| L18 | 5.14 (±0.22) | 5.36 (±0.21) | |||||
| CAF | 416.76 (±7.35) | L6 | 50.04 (±3.57) * | 57.08 (±1.23) *,$ | |||
| L18 | 52.80 (±3.76) * | 66.81 (±4.67) *,$,# | |||||
| AUC Energy from carbohydrates oxidation |
STD | 75,639.10 (±9703.77) | p = 0.02 | L6 | 100,366 (±21,217) | 112,676 (±11,496) | D |
| L18 | 112,095 (±11,294) | 106,221 (±5877) | |||||
| CAF | 49,412.4 (±6075.05) | L6 | 71,406 (±9041) * | 67,067 (±14,008) * | |||
| L18 | 69,592 (±6221) * | 35,767 (±11,233) *,$ | |||||
| AUC Energy from fat oxidation | STD | 111,461 (±11,654) | p = 0.008 | L6 | 64,388 (±16,072) | 48,017 (±11,396) | D |
| L18 | 50,167 (±11,689) | 48,442 (±2447) | |||||
| CAF | 165,171 (±15,493) | L6 | 97,490 (±9362) * | 94,484 (±16,432) * | |||
| L18 | 130,001 (±22,824) * | 122,074 (±16,528) * |
Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 24) for L12 conditions. P-value was calculated using a Student’s t-test between L12-STD vs. L12-CAF (p ≤ 0.05). Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6) for L18 and L6 conditions. D, diet effect; T, GSPE treatment effect; p, photoperiod effect; TxD, interaction between treatment and diet; DxP, interaction between diet and photoperiod. * Indicates significant differences by diet effect, $ Indicates significant differences by treatment effect, # Indicates significant differences by photoperiod effect using 3-way ANOVA followed by a LSD post-hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). & Indicates tendency using a LSD post-hoc test (p = 0.1–0.051). AUC, Area under curve; STD, Standard diet-fed rats; CAF, Cafeteria diet-fed rats; VH, rats administered vehicle; GSPE, rats administered 25 mg/kg grape seed proanthocyanidin-rich extract; L12, standard photoperiod 12 h light per day; L18, long photoperiod 18 h light per day; L6, short photoperiod 6 h light per day.