Table 1.

Non-invasive methods.

Measuring Method	Area of Detection	Measured Parameters	Scope of Application (Selection)	References
Pulse oximetry	Fingertip, earlap, tip of the nose	Oxygen saturation	Evaluation of vital parameters in various settings, esp. respiratory failure	Hafen et al., 2021, ref. [12] Chan et al., 2013, ref. [13]
Capnometry	Endotracheal ventilation tube	Exspiratory pCO2	Efficiency of CPR, monitoring of intubation, detection of respiratory failure	Nassar et al., 2016, ref. [17] Kupnik et al., 2007, ref. [18]
NIRS (Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy)	Scalp	Brain tissue oxygenation	General surgery, traumatic brain injury (TBI)	Sen et al., 2016, ref. [27] Scheeren et al., 2012, ref. [28]
Bilirubinometry	Skin, mostly forehead/sternum	Subcutaneous bilirubin concentration	Consideration of therapy, continual monitoring	De Luca et al., 2008, ref. [34] Rizvi et al., 2019, ref. [35]