Table 4.
Data extracted from human studies: topic, study design, age, sample and exclusion criteria.
| Article | Main Topic | Study Design | Sample Size and Age (Years) | Ethnicity | Exclusion Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen et al. [70] | Anxiety and Depression | Randomized Controlled Trial |
n = 355 Age: 40–62 |
White; African American; Other | Body Mass Index > 37; use of hormones or hormonal contraceptives in the past 2 months; use of prescription or over-the-counter treatments for vasomotor symptoms in the past month; any unstable medical conditions; contraindications to exercise training, yoga, or omega-3; current participation in regular exercise or yoga; current use of omega-3 supplements or frequent consumption of fish; MDE in the past three months. |
| Lucas et al. [71] | Depression | Randomized Controlled Trial |
n = 120 Age: 40–55 |
White | Severe MDE [scores of 26 on HAM-D-21]; history of schizophrenia or bipolar I and II disorder; imminent risk of suicide or homicide; postmenopausal status for >5 years; medical conditions that affect mental health; substance abuse or dependence; fish allergies; high fish consumption (>3 servings/week) in the past 3 months; use of antidepressants; hormone replacement therapy; fish-oil supplements in the past 3 months; anticoagulants use. |
| Freeman et al. [72] | Depression | Open-Label Trial |
n = 19 Age mean: 52.5 ± 4.9 |
Caucasian; African American; Other | Currently pregnant, breast-feeding, or trying to conceive; currently being treated with an antidepressant, hormone treatment, or n-3 PUFA supplements or with one of the preceding treatments within 1 month of study entry; suicidal ideation; current or recent (past month) diagnosis of panic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder or history of psychosis, mania, or hypomania, as assessed by the MINI, diagnosis of treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder; fish or fish oil allergies; responded to placebo [950% decrease in the MADRS]. |
| Persons et al. [73] | Depression | Retrospective Cohort Study |
n = 7086 Age: 63–81 |
Not specified | Not Specified. |
| Jin et al. [74] | Depression | Cross-Sectional Study |
n = 214 Age: from 54.23 ± 5.43 to 56.02 ± 6.09 |
Koreans | Not Specified. |
| Masoumi et al. [75] | Depression | Randomized Controlled Trial |
n = 60 Age: 45–65 |
Not specified | Depression scores higher than 30 at follow-ups and any known drug side effects. |
| Colangelo et al. [76] | Depression | Retrospective Cohort Study |
n = 1616 Age: 45–84 |
Non-Hispanic White; African American; Chinese American; Hispanic | Not Specified. |
| Li et al. [77] | Depression | Cross-Sectional Study |
n = 3054 Age: 42–52 |
Non-Hispanic White; Chinese; Japanese; Hispanic; Black | No intact uterus or ovaries; use of reproductive hormones and amenorrhea in the previous 3 months. |
| Chae and Park [78] | Depression | Cohort Study |
n = 4150 Age: from 62.8 ± 0.3 to 67.1 ± 0.3 |
Korean | Men; pregnant, lactating, or premenopausal women; women with a total energy intake of less than 500 kcal or more than 5000 kcal/day; women with no data on depression. |
| Ammann et al. [79] | Cognition | Retrospective Cohort Study |
n = 2157 Age: 65–80 |
USA | Not Specified. |
| Strike et al. [80] | Cognition | Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study |
n = 27 Age: 60–84 |
English | Vestibular impairments; neurological disorder; lower limb surgery; allergy to seafood; regular consumption of multivitamin/fish oil supplements. |
Abbreviations: HAM-D-21, 21-item Hamilton depression rating scale; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale; MDE, major depressive episode; MINI, mini international neuropsychiatric interview.