TABLE 2.
Summary of the in vivo studies investigating the antioxidant effect of curcumin.
| Animals | Damaged model | Doses | Outcomes | References |
| Pigs | Intrauterine growth retardation | 200 mg/kg | Increased the gene expression of Nrf2, GCLC, SOD1, GCLM and NQO1, and the protein expression of Nrf2 and NQO1 | (15) |
| Pigs | Intrauterine growth retardation | 400 mg/kg | Reduced the levels of MDA and H2O2; improved serum and liver antioxidant enzymes as well as up-regulated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression | (17) |
| Pigs | Intrauterine growth retardation | 400 mg/kg | Reduced PC, 8-OHdG, increased T-AOC, CAT, SOD, Nrf2, NQO1 expression | (20) |
| Pigs | Intrauterine growth retardation | 200 mg/kg | Increased mRNA expressions of GSH-ST, HO-1 and CAT, increased NQO1 protein expression of leg muscles | (78) |
| Pigs | Diquat -induced oxidative stress | 200 mg/kg | Reduced the MDA level, and increased the SOD, CAT activity in the intestinal mucosa | (93) |
| Rats | Intestinal ischemia reperfusion | 100 mg/kg | Decreased the MDA levels, and increased of SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities | (60) |
| Rats | Dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury | 200 mg/kg | Enhanced antioxidant transcription and ARE-binding of Nrf2; increased HO-1 protein expression as well as activity in rat liver | (102) |
| Rats | Lipopolysaccharide/diclofenac-induced liver injury | 200 mg/kg/d | Decreased the MDA levels; increased GSH content and SOD enzyme activities; increased expression of HO-1 | (103) |
| Rats | Intestinal ischemia reperfusion | 200 mg/kg | Decreased the MDA levels, and increased SOD enzyme activities | (126) |
| Rats | Renal ischemia reperfusion | 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg | Decreased MDA; increased the level of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH | (127) |
| Rats | Ochratoxin A-induced Hepatotoxicity | 100 mg/kg | antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GSH-Px increased; MDA level decreased | (128) |
| Rats | Streptozoticin -induced diabetic | 100 mg/kg/d | The activity of SOD increased and the amount of MDA reduced; the expression of NQO1 and Nrf2 was increased | (129) |
| Rats | Intrauterine growth retardation | 400 mg/kg | Decreased the MDA, PC and 8-OHDG contents, improved the hepatic glutathione redox cycle | (130) |
| Rats | Aluminum chloride-induced oxidative stress | 10 mg/kg BW | Decreased the MDA levels, and increased SOD and CAT activities in liver tissue | (131) |
| Mice | arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative injuries | 200 mg/kg | Decreased hepatic MDA level, increased hepatic GSH level, and up-regulated Nrf2 protein, NQO1 and HO-1 expression | (31) |
| Mice | Cadmium-induced histopathological damages | 100 mg/kg | Increased serum CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px activities; decreased the serum MDA and H2O2 level | (132) |
| Mice | Cadmium induced lung oxidative stress | 100 mg/kg | Decreased MDA levels; increased CAT, GSH-Px,SOD activities | (133) |
| Mice | Ethanol-induced oxidative stress | 50 mg/kg | Reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation (LPO) generation, and increased Nrf2/HO-1 expression in the experimental mice brains | (134) |
| Ducks | Ochratoxin A induced liver oxidative injury | 400 mg/kg | Increased liver CAT activity | (24) |
| Ducks | Aflatoxin B1-induced intestinal injure | 500 mg/kg | Enhanced the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, GSH-ST; decreased the concentrations of MDA in the ileum | (67) |
| Ducks | Ochratoxin A–induced intestinal injure | 400 mg/kg | Decreased the concentrations of MDA; increased the activity of GSH-Px in the jejunal mucosa | (135) |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury | 300 mg/kg | Inhibited the generation of ROS, MDA and 8-OHdG; increased the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT; increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 | (111) |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury | 300 mg/kg | Decreased the content of MDA and the level of ROS; increased the contents of GSH and activities of SOD and CAT | (136) |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury | 450 mg/kg | Decreased the MDA levels, and increased GSH-Px and SOD activity; up-regulated Nrf2 protein expression | (137) |
| Broilers | Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury | 300 mg/kg | Improved Nrf2 expression, and Enhanced phase-II metabolizing enzymes expressions and activity | (138) |
| Laying hens | Heat-induced oxidative stress | 100 to 300 mg/kg | Decreased the MDA levels; increased T-AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities | (139) |
8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; ARE, antioxidant response elements; CAT, catalase; GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit; GSH, glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathion peroxidase; GSH-ST, glutathione S-transferase; HO-1, heme oxygenase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MDA, malonaldehyde; NQO1, quinone oxidoreductase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PC, protein carbonyl; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity.