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. 2022 Apr 22;11(9):1429. doi: 10.3390/cells11091429

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Differentiation of astrocytes from iPSC-derived neuronal stem cells from non-demented control, sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease. (a) Scheme showing differentiation of astrocytes from iPSC-derived NSCs. (b) Phase contrast images of astrocyte monolayer after 30 days of induction. Scale bar: 50 μm; inset: 20 μm. No prominent morphological difference in astrocytes was observed between the three groups. Representative images of markers for astrocytes differentiated from non-demented control, sporadic and familial iPSC-derived neuronal stem cells using antibodies against (c) GFAP, (d) ACSA 1, (e) ALDH1L1, and (f) S100β. DAPI was used for nuclear visualization. Scale bar: 50 μm. (g) Graph showing percentage of cells positive for individual markers in (c–f). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests. (h) Immunoblots of astrocyte cell lysates after differentiation using antibodies against astrocyte markers EAAT-2, Conexin-43 (CNX-43) and Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4). Human brain cell lysate was used as a positive control (+ve). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 3/group; n = 3 experimental repeats.