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. 2022 May 9;23(9):5275. doi: 10.3390/ijms23095275

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanical pain thresholds, and thresholds and magnitude ratings of warmth and heat pain. (A) Thresholds for mechanically evoked pain (MPT) obtained at sites of blank and capsaicin NPs obtained 4 days before and on each designated day after removal of the NPs. (B) Detection thresholds for warmth (WDT) and heat pain (HPT, same format as in A). (C) Magnitude ratings of warmth and heat pain produced by 38 and 50 °C, respectively. n = 21, mixed effect model 2 within subject treatments (capsaicin vs. placebo treatment) × 4 repeated timepoints (0, 7, 14, 21 days) with Bonferroni correction. Means with SEMs for capsaicin and blank NPs are black and gray, respectively. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 for blank vs. NP comparison.