Effects of capsaicin NPs pretreatment on cowhage evoked sensations and dysesthesias applied by spicules. (A–C) Time course of perceived intensities of itch, pricking/stinging, and burning. Data are means with SEMs. For clarity, the SEMs are presented at the peak and every 5 min thereafter. (D) Peak magnitude (Peak) of each sensory quality. (E) Area under the rating curve (AUC). (F) Duration of response. (G) Area of each type of dysesthesia: alloknesis, hyperalgesia and hyperknesis. n = 21, (A–C) repeated measures two-way ANOVA; two repeated treatment groups (capsaicin vs. placebo treatment) × 40 repeated timepoints (0–20 min) with Bonferroni correction, (D–G) Wilcoxon test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001.