Table 1.
Source | Subclass | Major Compounds | Conc. mg/100 g FW | Conc. mg/100 g DW | Conc. mg/100 mL | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackberry (Rubus spp.) |
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 0.166–1.029 | [24] | ||
(−)-Epicatechin | 0.012–6.14 | |||||
Flavonols | Quercetin | 0.39–1.794 | [24] | |||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 57.2 ± 2.5 | 0.039–2.551 | [24,25] | ||
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | 25.0 ± 2.8 | 0.192–11.933 | ||||
Cyanidin-3-xyloside | 48.3 ± 5.6 | [25] | ||||
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 516.5 ± 9.3 | |||||
Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) |
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 0.00–0.69 | [26] | ||
Quercetin | 8.90–37.46 | |||||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin | 26.95–947.52 | [26] | |||
Delphinidin | 0.65 | |||||
Malvidin | 1.22 | |||||
Pelargonidin | 0.51–1.44 | |||||
Peonidin | 0.08 | |||||
Petunidin | 2.79 | |||||
Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) |
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | [15,25] | |
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 27.3 ± 3.1 | 47 ± 2.4 | ||||
Malvidin-3-glucoside | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 94.3 ± 4.5 | ||||
Peonidin-3-glucoside | 15.1 ± 2.4 | |||||
Petunidin-3-glucoside | 28.1 ± 4.1 | 37.7 ± 1.9 | ||||
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 81.8 ± 9.17 | 43.1 ± 1.9 | [15,27] | ||
(+)-Epicatechin | 9.25 ± 0.15 | |||||
Epicatechin gallate | 0.48 ± 0.52 | |||||
Proanthocyanins | 35 ± 1.3 | [15] | ||||
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 5.17 ± 0.04 | [15,27] | |||
Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 5.45 ± 0.24 | |||||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 78.6 ± 1.1 | ||||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 2.38 ± 0.35 | |||||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | 1.76 ± 0.12 | |||||
Cherry (Prunus spp.) |
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 0.036–1.117 | [24] | ||
(−)-Epicatechin | 0.051–2.406 | |||||
Proanthocyanidins | 10.54 ± 0.19 | [28] | ||||
Flavonols | Kaempherol-3-rutinoside | 0.03 ± 0.00 | [28] | |||
Quercetin | 0.026–0.391 | [24] | ||||
Quercetin-3-rutinoside | 0.09 ± 0.01 | [28] | ||||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 0.078–1.207 | [24] | |||
Cyanidin-3- glucosylrutinoside |
0.737–36.128 | |||||
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | 0.321–9.144 | |||||
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) |
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 0.544–1.540 | [15,24] | |
(−)-Epicatechin | 2.94 ± 1.25 | 102.4 ± 4 | 2.165–4.359 | [15,24,27] | ||
Flavonols | Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 0.30 ± 0.45 | [27] | |||
Quercetin | 0.5 | 0.196–0.392 | [24,29] | |||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 0.10 ± 0.32 | [27] | ||||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | 0.54 ± 0.75 | |||||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin 3-glucoside | 57.5 ± 3.4 | 74.4 ± 0.8 | [15,25] | ||
Cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside | 56.4 ± 3.8 | 0.489–2.529 | [24,25] | |||
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | 19.6 ± 1.2 | 0.594–1.072 | ||||
Cyanidin-3-sophoroside | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 5.783–12.469 | ||||
Petunidin 3-glucoside | 57.5 ± 3.4 | [25] | ||||
Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) |
Flavonols | Quercetin | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2–0.385 | [24,29] | |
Kaempferol | 0.1 ± 0.1 | [29] | ||||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | 1.616–8.877 | [24] | |||
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 0.22–2.674 | |||||
Delphinidin-3-rutinoside | 2.404–17.921 | |||||
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) |
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 2.51 ± 0.05 | 45.8 ± 0.5 | 0.704–0.813 | [15,24,27] |
(−)-Epicatechin | 6.80 ± 2.20 | 0.153–0.201 | ||||
Epicatechin gallate | 0.45 ± 0.32 | [27] | ||||
Flavonols | Isorhamnetin | 0.57 ± 0.01 | [30] | |||
Kaempferol | 0.28 ± 0.01 0.5 ± 0.3 6.13 ± 0.52 |
[27,29,30] | ||||
Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 1.04 ± 0.28 | 8 ± 0.1 | [15,27] | |||
Quercetin | 0.6 ± 0.5 19.0 ± 2.20 |
0.031–0.168 | [24,27,29] | |||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | 0.35 ± 0.49 | [27] | ||||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 0.20 ± 0.48 | |||||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | 3.35 ± 1.58 | |||||
Flavones | Apigenin | 0.24 ± 0.01 | [30] | |||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin 3-rutinoside | 0.7 ± 0.1 | [25] | |||
Pelargonidin 3-glucoside | 347.8 ± 10.5 | |||||
Pelargonidin 3-rutinoside | 52.4 ± 4.8 | |||||
Peonidin 3-rutinoside | 7.6 ± 1.4 | |||||
Apple (Malus domestica) |
Flavan-3-ols | (+)-Catechin | 0.152–1.523 | [24] | ||
(−)-Epicatechin | 0.414–2.591 | |||||
Flavonols | Isorhamnetin | 14.42 ± 0.97 | [30] | |||
Kaempferol | 5.07 ± 0.71 | |||||
Quercetin | 2.0 ± 0.4 5.16 ± 0.32 |
0.04–0.092 | [24,29,30] | |||
Flavones | Luteolin | 1495 ± 45 | [30] | |||
Plum (Prunus spp.) |
Flavonols | Isorhamnetin | 5.23 ± 0.3 | [30] | ||
Kaempferol | 3.17 ± 0.12 | [30] | ||||
Quercetin | 1.5 0.34 ± 0.6 |
[29,30] | ||||
Quercetin 3-rutinoside | 15 ± 2 | [28] | ||||
Flavones | Luteolin | 3.98 ± 0.04 | [30] | |||
Flavan-3-ols | Proanthocyanidins | 969 ± 187 | [28] | |||
Peach (Prunus persica) |
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 1.43 ± 0.17 | [30] | ||
Kaempherol-3-hexoside | 4 ± 1 | [28] | ||||
Kaempherol-3-rutinoside | 5 ± 1 | |||||
Quercetin 3-rutinoside | 6 ± 1 | |||||
Flavones | Luteolin | 3.39 ± 0.42 | [30] | |||
Flavan-3-ols | Proanthocyanidins | 1379 ± 62 | [28] | |||
Grapes (Vitis vinifera) |
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 8.91 ± 0.4 5.35 ± 0.59 |
[27,30] | ||
Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 0.68 ± 1.2 | [27] | ||||
Quercetin | 1.19 ± 0.03 0.2 |
[29,30] | ||||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | 0.36 ± 0.48 | [27] | ||||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | 3.11 ± 1.54 | |||||
Flavan-3-ols | Catechin | 1.44 ± 0.09 | [27] | |||
Epicatechin | 2.02 ± 1.17 | |||||
Epicatechin gallate | 0.29 ± 0.30 | |||||
Orange (Citrus × sinensis) |
Flavonols | Isorhamnetin | 0.87 ± 0.08 | [30] | ||
Kaempferol | 0.51 ± 0.05 | |||||
Quercetin | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |||||
Flavones | Luteolin | 0.45 ± 0.04 | [30] | |||
6,8-di-C-Glu-Apigenin | 4.15–8 | [31] | ||||
Flavanones | Hesperetin | 31 ± 2 | 3.51–55.2 | [29,31] | ||
Naringenin | 11 ± 2 | [29] | ||||
Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.) |
Flavonols | Myricetin | 23 | [29] | ||
Quercetin | 16 | |||||
Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) |
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 0.4 ± 0.1 | [29] | ||
Quercetin | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.19 | [29,31] | |||
Flavanones | Hesperetin | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 0.25–1.79 | [29,31] | ||
Naringenin | 53 ± 6 | 0.98–8 | ||||
Narirutin | 2.5–17 | [31] | ||||
Lemon (Citrus limon) |
Flavanones | Hesperetin | 17 | 3.84–41 | [29,31] | |
Naringenin | 0.5 | [29] | ||||
Flavanones | 6,8-di-C-Glu-Apigenin | 1–1.45 | [31] | |||
6,8-di-C-Glu-Diosmetin | 4.05–5.8 | |||||
7-O-Rut-Luteolin | 1.5–6.5 | |||||
Apricot (Prunus spp.) |
Flavonols | Kaempferol | 0.38 ± 0.05 5.44 ± 0.12 |
[32,33] | ||
Kaempherol-3-rutinoside | 0.03 | [28] | ||||
Myricetin | 0.69 ± 0.07 | [32] | ||||
Quercetin | 4.31 ± 0.07 | [33] | ||||
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 7.57 ± 2.87 | [32] | ||||
Quercetin 3-rutinoside | 0.23 ± 0.01 | [28] | ||||
Rutin | 3.77 ± 0.05 | 0.16–0.26 | [33,34] | |||
Flavan-3-ols | Catechin | 3.14 | [35] | |||
Proanthocyanidins | 3.04 ± 0.08 | [28] | ||||
Flavones | Apigenin | 0.22 ± 0.01 | [33] | |||
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside | 60.47 ± 1.08 | |||||
Luteolin | 0.68 ± 0.42 | [32] | ||||
Luteolin 7-xyloside | 4.60 ± 0.02 | [33] | ||||
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin 3-(4″-acetylrutinoside) | 56.71 ± 1.13 | [33] | |||
Cyanidin 3-(6″-acetylglucoside) | 11.34 ± 0.16 | |||||
Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside | 4.13 ± 0.05 | |||||
Cyanidin 3-rutinoside | 4.47 ± 0.09 | |||||
Petunidin 3-galactoside | 6.61 ± 0.05 | |||||
Petunidin 3-rutinoside | 2.80 ± 0.05 |