Table 2.
The simplified summary of flavonols’ impact on selected CV risk factors.
| Study Group | Compound or Group | Outcome | Significant Association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension | |||
| healthy mixed population [12] | flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin | hypertension incidence | no |
| healthy mixed population [35]; | quercetin | BP level | no |
| prehypertensive patients [36]; | |||
| healthy volunteers [45]; | |||
| normotensive male patients [39] | |||
| pre-hypertensive obese-to-overweight patients [40] | |||
| first stage of hypertension [36]; | quercetin | BP level | yes |
| metabolic syndrome patients (with and without hypertension) [37]; | |||
| hypertensive obese-to-overweight patients [40]; | |||
| first stage hypertensive male patients [39]; | |||
| healthy male smokers [38] | |||
| female T2D patients [41] | quercetin | systolic BP level | yes |
| female T2D patients [41] | quercetin | diastolic BP level | no |
| healthy male patients with different apolipoprotein E genotypes [42] | quercetin | postprandial systolic BP level | yes |
| male patients with essential hypertension and gout [44] | quercetin | systolic and diastolic BP level | unknown |
| healthy volunteers [43] | quercetin | BP level 60 min after administration | no |
| Dyslipidemia | |||
| healthy mixed population [35] | quercetin | LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and triglycerides | no |
| metabolic syndrome patients [37] | quercetin | HDL-C, oxidized LDL | yes |
| metabolic syndrome patients [37] | quercetin | TC, triglyceride, and LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio | no |
| diabetic patients [41] | quercetin | TC, LDL-C, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio | no |
| healthy male smokers [38] | quercetin | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C | yes |
| healthy men with different apolipoprotein E genotypes [42] | quercetin | postprandial triglycerides and HDL-C | yes |
| patients with dyslipidemia [49] | quercetin | LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and triglycerides | unknown |
| healthy volunteers [45] | quercetin | TC and LDL-C | no |
| healthy male nonsmokers [48] | quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C | no |
| Diabetes | |||
| healthy mixed population [29] | quercetin, myricetin | T2D risk | no |
| women free of CVD and diabetes [52] | flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin | T2D risk, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin | no |
| Chinese population [53] | quercetin | T2D prevalence | yes |
| healthy male smokers [38] | quercetin | glucose concentration | yes |
| patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders [56] | quercetin | fasting plasma glucose | yes |
| T2D female patients [54] | myricetin | fasting plasma glucose | yes |
| T2D mixed population [55] | myricetin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid | acute glycemic impact of foods, chronic blood glucose | yes |
| patients with metabolic syndrome aged <45 years [56] | quercetin | insulin concentration | yes |
| healthy male nonsmokers [48] | quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | glucose concentration | no |
| Smoking | |||
| healthy male smokers aged 50–69 years [58] | flavonols | nonfatal MI | yes |
| healthy male smokers [38] | quercetin | glucose concentration | yes |
| healthy male smokers [38] | quercetin | BP level | yes |
| healthy male smokers [38] | quercetin | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C | yes |
BP—blood pressure; CV—cardiovascular; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C—low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI—myocardial infarction; T2D—type 2 diabetes; and TC—total cholesterol.