Table 2.

Stages of intervention for management to combat misinformation.

Stage	Characteristics
Preparación	It involves developing a personalized strategy for the public receiving the information, an evaluation of the information ecosystem, and the creation of the team with the right personnel.
Social listening	A social listening system can help optimize the detection of signs of misinformation and identification of emergencies or concerns from community members. The development of a social listening system must be guided by triangulation between the various tools available and the mapping of the information ecosystem, in particular, of the channels in which information related to vaccines is disseminated and discussed. Teams must ensure that they are equipped with the necessary skills to use these tools and make sense of the data to deliver actionable insights.
Understanding	Analyzing the potential impact of misinformation in a structured way helps classify rumors and identify rumors that require a response. It can be challenging to determine conclusively if something is true. The process requires research to obtain as much information as possible: verify the real origin of the information, the date of creation of the content, and the motivation for creating the content.
Engagement	Make sure that vaccine promotional content is more attractive (sticky) than misinformation. This can be achieved by capturing attention with high impact and visual media, presenting information clearly and continuously. Show the vaccination experience as positive avoiding the presentation of the act of vaccinating and crying children. Present stories of successful vaccination experiences.

Note. Source: Adapted from Unicef. Vaccine misinformation management field guide: Guidance for addressing a global infodemic and fostering demand for immunization (2020).