Table 1.

Odds ratios (95% CI) for baseline loneliness and PF transition types, and baseline PF and loneliness transition types.

	Model 1: PF Transition Types (OR (95% CI))				Model 2: Loneliness Transition Types (OR (95% CI))
	Remain Robust	Worsen	Improve	Remain Unhealthy	Maintain	Worsen	Improve
Baseline loneliness
total	0.55 ***	1.17 **	0.94	1.11 *
	[0.49–0.63]	[1.05–1.30]	[0.85–1.04]	[1.02–1.21]
60–64	0.50 ***	1.26 *	0.93	1.14
	[0.41–0.61]	[1.05–1.52]	[0.79–1.10]	[0.98–1.32]
65–74	0.60 ***	1.21 *	0.92	1.08
	[0.49–0.72]	[1.03–1.42]	[0.79–1.07]	[0.95–1.24]
≥75	0.67	0.97	0.98	1.07
	[0.44–1.01]	[0.74–1.27]	[0.73–1.32]	[0.86–1.34]
Baseline PF
total
prefrail					0.91	1.41 **	0.65 *
					[0.75–1.11]	[1.11–1.78]	[0.47–0.91]
frail					0.76	1.56	0.83
					[0.48–1.18]	[0.90–2.72]	[0.45–1.54]
60–64
prefrail					1.01	1.25	0.59
					[0.72–1.41]	[0.84–1.87]	[0.32–1.07]
frail					0.48	3.64 *	0.45
					[0.19–1.18]	[1.25–10.56]	[0.08–2.40]
65–74
prefrail					0.81	1.47 *	0.78
					[0.62–1.08]	[1.05–2.07]	[0.50–1.22]
frail					0.96	1.11	0.81
					[0.49–1.85]	[0.49–2.54]	[0.34–1.89]
≥75
prefrail					1.07	1.39	0.45
					[0.64–1.78]	[0.75–2.60]	[0.20–1.01]
frail					0.82	0.95	1.11
					[0.33–2.05]	[0.22–4.19]	[0.32–3.90]

Note: *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. The model had been adjusted for all covariates. Model 1 was adjusted for the component numbers in the PFP scale at baseline and Model 2 was adjusted for the baseline levels of loneliness.