Table 3.

Studies related to the use of herbal medicine for cleaning and disinfecting root canals.

Herbal Material	Characteristics	References
Triphala	➢Anti-oxidant property ➢Remove smear layer ➢Inhibit biofilm formation	[30,35]
Azadiratcha Indica (Neem)	➢Significantly decrease the plaque index and bacterial count ➢Antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, E. faecalis, and Candida albicans	[36,37]
Propolis (Bee glue)	➢Good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent ➢Anesthetic and cytotoxic properties ➢Antioxidant	[38]
Marticariarecutitia L (German chamomile)	➢Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, and sedative properties ➢Very effective in eliminating the smear layer	[39]
Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree oil)	➢Solvent action ➢Dissolves necrotic tissue ➢Anti-septic agent	[1,40]
Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	➢Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent ➢Exhibit phototoxic effect on bacteria ➢Used mainly in root canal failure cases in endodontics	[41,42]
Salvadora persica (Miswak)	➢Contain large amounts of salvadorime chloride, trimethylamine, and fluoride ➢A significant anti-microbial effect	[43,44]
Allium sativum (Garlic)	➢Root canal bacteria cell wall and cell membrane are destroyed ➢It has antimicrobial properties but is not as strong as sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine	[32,45]
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry)	➢As a root canal irrigant, it has efficacy similar to sodium hypochlorite ➢Effective chelating agent	[30]
Carvacrol	➢Disruption of bacterial cell membrane ➢Periapical tissue repair	[46]
Myrtus communis	➢Effective agent against persistent root canal microorganisms