Table 3.

Cytokines secreted during sepsis that may be responsible for neutrophils’ NET formation.

Cytokine	Organism	Setting	Target	Effect	Ref.
IL-1β	Human	(LPS)-induced and phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced formation	n.i.	Increased NET formation	[124]
IL-1β	Human	SARS-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury, sepsis	NLRP3	Increased NET formation	[125]
IL-8	Human	Intensive care units (ICU), sepsis	Ras/Raf/MAPK	Increased NET formation	[126]
IL-8	Human	E. coli-induced sepsis	CXCR1/2	Increased NET formation	[127]
IL-8	Mice	Experimental sepsis (caecal ligation and puncture or intraperitoneal injection of E. coli)	CXCR1/2	Increased NET formation	[127]
IL-8	Human	n.i.	n.i.	Increased NET formation	[25]
IL-29	Mice	ferric chloride-induced thrombosis	mTOR	Activation of NETosis	[128]
PF4	Human	acute lung injury (ALI)	n.i.	Increased NET formation	[129]
PF4	Mice	Sepsis	n.i.	Increased NET formation	[130]

n.i.—not identified.