Skip to main content
. 2022 Apr 19;23(9):4473. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094473

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of acute artificial ripple high-frequency oscillation (HFO) (A) and fast-ripple-HFO evoked stimulations (B) on L-glutamate release from cultured astrocytes (gray and blown columns), and the effects of selective connexin43 (Cx43) inhibitor, TAT-GAP19 (20 μM), on HFOs-evoked astroglial L-glutamate release (blue and green columns). Ordinates indicate the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of extracellular L-glutamate level (μM) (n = 6). Abscissas indicate the numbers of HFO-evoked stimulations sets. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; relative to the HFO-evoked stimulation free (0) and @@ p < 0.01; relative to control (TAT-GAP19 free) by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test.