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. 2022 Apr 19;23(9):4473. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094473

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of subchronic artificial ripple-HFO (green columns) and fast-ripple-HFO evoked (blue columns) stimulations for 1, 3, and 7 days on L-glutamate release from cultured astrocytes (A), and the inhibitory effects of TAT-GAP19 (green and blue columns) on subchronic artificial HFO-evoked astroglial L-glutamate release (B). Ordinates indicate the mean ± SD of extracellular L-glutamate level (μM) (n = 6). Abscissa in panel A indicates the days of HFO-evoked stimulations. In (A), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; relative to the HFO-evoked stimulation free (0) by MANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. In (B), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; relative to ripple-HFO or fast-ripple-HFO evoked stimulation (control: TAT-GAP19 free) by Student’s t-test.