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. 2022 Apr 25;19(9):5220. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095220

Table 5.

Predictors of HRQoL and mental health in children and adolescents in the second year of the pandemic.

HRQoL 1 Mental Health Problems 2,3 Anxiety 3,4 Depressive Symptoms 3,4 Psychosomatic Complaints
Parent-Report 2 Self-Report 4 Total Emotional Symptoms Conduct Problems Hyperactivity Peer Problems Parent-Report 2 Self-Report 4
Intercept 59.478 63.97 6.687 0.93 1.841 3.065 0.843 2.395 6.98 39.198 39.224
Age −0.272 *** −0.825 *** −0.283 *** −0.086 *** −0.073 *** −0.15 *** 0.027 * 0.048 0.259 *** −0.04 −0.206 4 **
Female 0.696 −1.857 −2.054 *** −0.409 * −0.4 *** −0.938 *** −0.301 ** 1.123 0.387 *** 0.234 −0.071 4
Female × Age −0.118 0.045 0.186 *** 0.116 *** 0.029 * 0.024 0.017 0.097 0.055 −0.149 *** −0.217 *
Migration background −0.884 −1.628 * 0.905 *** 0.154 0.114 0.26 * 0.372 *** 0.235 0.319 −0.516 ** −0.368 4
Single parenthood −0.951 −1.069 1.434 ** 0.342 * 0.305 * 0.159 0.623 *** 0.596 0.982 * −0.512 −1.85 4 **
Low parental education −0.024 0.964 0.372 −0.027 0.042 0.253 ** 0.103 −0.797 ** −0.429 * 0.022 0.638 4 *
Living space 0.005 0.006 −0.002 0.000 0.000 −0.001 −0.001 * −0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 4
Living without balcony, terrace, garden −4.269 * −1.039 2.349 * 0.87 * 0.326 0.535 0.613 * 0.745 −0.093 −0.659 −0.779 4
Parents’ burden due to pandemic −1.284 *** −1.35 ** 0.505 * 0.252 *** 0.034 0.107 0.113 0.414 4 0.285 −0.484 *** −0.475 4
Children’s burden due to situation at school −3.828 ** −3.032 *** 1.024 *** 0.428 *** 0.1 0.417 *** 0.081 0.722 4,** 0.751 4,*** −0.696 *** −0.571 4 *
Less contact with friends −3.191 ** −6.421 *** 0.502 * 0.081 −0.054 0.128 0.352 *** 0.726 4,** 0.594 4,** −0.169 0.012 4
Lower family climate −6.172 ** −3.953 *** 3.788 *** 1.089 *** 0.982 ** 1.046 *** 0.672 *** 1.497 4,*** 2.469 4,*** −1.872 *** −2.952 4,***
Extended use of digital media −2.387 *** −1.148 * 0.696 *** 0.245 * 0.218 ** 0.132 0.108 0.545 4 −0.194 4 −0.274 * 0.362 4
Children’s burden due to pandemic −4.85 *** −3.886 *** 2.966 *** 1.313 *** 0.453 ** 0.794 *** 0.405 *** 2.231 4,*** 1.943 4,*** −1.761 *** −2.161 4,***
Model fit (Adjusted R2) 0.328 0.322 0.295 0.268 0.173 0.193 0.108 0.201 0.242 0.228 0.189

The table indicates regression coefficients for all independent variables, controlling for the other predictors. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.005. 1 Higher value indicates better quality. 2 Parent-report 7–19 years. 3 Higher value indicates stronger symptoms and complaints. 4 Self-report 11–19 year.