Table 1.

Copy number alterations with associated genes and functions in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.

Pathogenesis Stage	Copy Number Alterations	Associated Gene	Associated Protein [21]	Signal Pathway (If Known)	Biologic Activity and Function (If Known)
Adenoma to Carcinoma	Gain of 8q [22]	c-MYC	c-MYC		Transcription factor that facilitates cell proliferation and survival
	Gain of 20q [23,24,25,26]	ADRM1	Adrm1		Component of 26S proteasome that encodes a cell adhesion molecule
		AURKA	Aurora Kinase A	Wnt and Ras-MAPK	Serine threonine kinase that induces centrosome amplification and aneuploidy
		BCL2L1	Bcl-2-like protein 1		Caspase activation inhibitor that regulates apoptosis
		C20orf20	MRG/MORF4L-binding protein		Histone acetylation that binds to MRG15/MRGX proteins and is associated with cancer cell growth
		C20orf24	Respirasome Complex Assembly Factor 1		Mitochondrial respirasome assembly
		SRC	Src	STAT3, PI3K, RAS	Non-receptor protein kinase that promotes tumor progression and metastasis
		TCFL5	Transcription factor-like 5 protein		Transcription factor
		TH1L	Negative elongation factor C/D	MEK/ERK	Helps regulate A-raf kinase, which is involved in MEK/ERK pathway activation
	Loss of 8p [27,28,29]	DLC1	Rho GTPase-activating protein 7	MAPK	GTPase-activating protein involved in fatty acid and ceramide metabolism
	Loss of 17p [22]	p53	p53	p53	Tumor suppressor, transcription factor
	Loss of 18q21 [6,30]	DCC	DCC		Nectrin-1 receptor that facilitates apoptosis
		SMAD4	SMAD4	TGF-β	Transcription factor and tumor suppressor that regulates TGF-β pathway
Disease Progression	Loss of 3p14.2 [31]	FHIT	Bis(5’-adenosyl)-triphosphatase	PI3K/AKT	Dinucleoside triphosphate hydrolase that regulates apoptosis
	Loss of 4p [32]
	Deletion of 5p15.1 [33,34]	FAM134B	Reticulophagy regulator 1	AKT	Autophagy receptor and tumor suppressor
Distant Metastasis	Gain of 1q [32]
	Amplification of 3q26 [35]	PIK3CA	PIK3CA	PI3K/AKT	Kinase involved in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
	Amplification of 8p11.23 [36]	FGFR1	FGFR1	MAPK, PI3K/AKT	Receptor tyrosine kinase for fibroblast growth factors
	Gain of 8q [37,38]	PRL-3	PRL-3	NF-kB	Protein tyrosine phosphatase that facilitates glycolysis, glucose metabolism, and lactate production
	Amplification of 11q [39]
	Amplification of 12p13.33 [32]	WNK1	WNK1	WNK	Serine/threonine protein kinase that facilitates cell cycle progression
	Amplification of 13q12 [35,40]	CDK8	CDK8	mTOR	Protein phosphorylator that regulates β-catenin activity
	Amplification of 17q12 [35]	ERBB2	ERBB2	PI3K/AKT	Receptor tyrosine kinase that leads to cellular growth
	Gain of 19 [32]
	Loss of 1p35 [41]	S100PBP	S100PBP		Interacts with S100 calcium-binding protein P
		CSMD2	CSMD2		Tumor suppressor involved in complement cascade
	Loss of 5q31 [41]	TGFBI	TGFBI	PI3K/AKT	Precursor of TGFBI and inhibits tumor cell invasion
	Loss of 8p21 [42,43]	TNFRSF10C	TNFRSF10C		Receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL and inhibits apoptosis
	Loss of 14p [32]
	Deletion of 17p [44,45,46]	p53	p53	p53	Tumor suppressor
	Deletion of 22q11.2 [46]